链霉菌种间原生质体融合的研究(Ⅱ)——融合子56-2菌株的鉴定

通过金霉素链霉菌和龟裂链霉菌原生质体融合选育出的融合子５６－２菌株，其酯酶同工酶谱与双亲有显著差异，产抗生素能力及遗传稳定性均优于金霉素链霉菌３＃，发酵产物四环素符合中国药典的各项指标，并具有抗噬菌体Ｐ５，Ｐ８的能力。     

2种拟青霉代谢产物对烟蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶和羧酸酯酶的影响

 以粉拟青霉菌的sw03032菌株和玫烟色拟青霉菌的sw03085为研究对象,比较其代谢产物的杀蚜虫活性和对烟蚜乙酰胆碱脂酶和羧酸酯酶活性的影响.结果表明2种真菌发酵液含有能毒杀蚜虫的毒素物质.且毒素粗提物浓度越大,杀蚜活性越强.经玫烟色拟青霉菌不同浓度毒素粗提液处理的蚜虫乙酰胆碱酯酶比活力分别比对照(CK2)降低了70.4%～29.8%.不同浓度玫烟色拟青霉菌毒素粗提液处理12h后,蚜虫羧酸酯酶比活力分别比对照(CK2)降低79.5%～44.4%.用不同浓度粉拟青霉菌毒素粗提液处理烟蚜12h后,乙酰胆碱酯酶和酸酸酯酶活性分别降低了38%～18.6%和51.6%～59.5%.玫烟色拟青霉菌的sw03085菌株代谢产物对烟蚜的伤害活性明显较粉拟青霉菌sw03032菌株代谢产物高.     

同工酶技术在金霉素链霉菌鉴别中的应用

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对四环素生产菌──金霉素链霉菌的酯酶同工酶和过氧化物酶同工酶进行了测定。实验结果表明：①电泳条件不同对测定结果造成不同影响；②４个供试菌株的过氧化物酶同工酶谱基本相同，均有４条酶带，不能将各菌株区分开；③４个供试菌株的酯酶同工酶谱不完全相同。其中金霉素链霉菌１—２７Ｍ２６，７５－Ｓ－２和３￣＃菌株式１－２７Ｍ２６，１５￣＃和３￣＃菌株的酯酶同工酶谱不同，而７５—Ｓ—２和１５￣＃菌株的酶谱相同。１－２７Ｍ２６，７５－Ｓ－２或１５￣＃与３￣＃菌株是不同菌株。其酯酶同工酶谱可作为鉴别菌株的指标。     

链霉菌种间原生质体镉合的研究（Ⅱ）：融合子56—2菌株的…

通过金霉素链霉菌和龟裂链霉菌原生质体融合选育的融合子５６－２菌株，其酯酶同工酶谱与双亲有显著差异，产抗生素抗生素及遗传稳定均优于金霉素链霉菌２＾＃，发酵产物四环素符合中国药典的各项指标，并具有抗噬菌体Ｐ５，Ｐ８的能力。     

小菜蛾Plutella xylostella羧酸酯酶、酰胺酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶的研究

研究结果表明,小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)乙酰胆碱酶、酰胺酶的最适pH值分别为8.0和8.5。pH值对闳酸酯酶活力影响较小,酰胺酶和羧酸酯酶反应速度在反应开始60钟内,仍在线性范围,乙酰胆碱酯酶反应速度在反应开始的8分钟内呈线性关系。羧酸酯酶、酰胺酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的Vmax分别为551.81(nmol/mg,mln)、5.25×10~(-4)(μmol/mg.min)和20.36(nmol/mg.min);km分别为5.52×10~(-5)(mol)、1.18×10~(-3)(mol)和8.33×10~(-3)(mol)。     

东亚飞蝗不同龄期解毒酶和靶标酶活性研究

对东亚飞蝗(Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen))各龄期酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、谷胱甘肤 S-转移酶活性进行了比较研究,同时对酯酶进行了非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶检测.酯酶活性测定结果表明,不同龄期酯酶的比活力不同,五龄若虫最高,一龄若虫最低.酯酶非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果发现,各龄期酯酶同工酶酶谱主带比较一致,在谱带上存在有细微的差异;乙酰胆碱酯酶的比活力二龄若虫最高,四龄若虫最低;一龄若虫谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的比活力最高,三龄若虫最低.据此推测,东亚飞蝗不同龄期解毒酶和靶标酶的活性差异可能是由于各龄期生长发育代谢机能的不同所致.     

陕北羊肚菌不同生长期酯酶同工酶的分析

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了编号为M5、M9两种羊肚菌在不同生长期及不同组织酯酶(EST)同工酶.结果表明:同一菌种不同生长期及不同组织的酯酶同工酶酶谱均有明显的差异.     

新型深海来源蛋白酯酶E4的纯化、结晶和X射线衍射分析

酯酶和脂酶是水解短链酯类和长链甘油三酯的两类水解酶,在制药和食品工业酯(脂)键的合成和分解过程中发挥着关键的作用.我们前期已鉴定深海细菌Croceicoccus marinus E4A9T来源的新型蛋白酯酶E4,该酶属于酯酶SGNH亚家族,具有潜在的水解溶血磷脂键的作用,但其催化机制尚不清楚,因此我们对蛋白E4进行了纯化、结晶和初步的X射线衍射分析.E4在大肠杆菌中高效表达,动态光散射(DLS)分析显示其主要以四体的形态均匀分布在溶液中.我们对E4进行了晶体初筛和优化,最终优化培养出棒状晶体且衍射分辨率达2.2.X射线衍射结果表明E4属于P43212空间群,晶胞参数为a=88.863,b=88.863,c=318.914,α=90°,β=90°,γ=90°.此外,酶学活力测定结果表明,它能够水解具有不同酰基链长度的酯类(C2～C10),尤其倾向于水解己酸酯(C6)和辛酸酯(C8).     

厦门霉素生物合成基因簇在白色链霉菌及吸水链霉菌FR-008中的异源表达

将携带有厦门霉素生物合成的整合质粒p LMO09404,通过供体菌大肠杆菌ET12567(p UZ8002)与受体菌白色链霉菌及吸水链霉菌FR-008进行接合转移,将得到的接合转移菌株经PCR验证后进行发酵,发酵液经HPLC和质谱检测.结果显示,厦门链霉菌来源厦门霉素基因簇可以在白色链霉菌及吸水链霉菌FR-008中异源表达.     

阿魏酸酯酶在体外模拟猪胃肠道中的稳定性

模拟了胃(肠)液中pH值、蛋白酶、进食量和微量金属离子等对阿魏酸酯酶(FAE)酶活稳定性的影响.结果表明:模拟胃液环境对阿魏酸酯酶酶活影响显著,模拟肠液环境对阿魏酸酯酶稳定性影响较小;蛋白酶酶活的增加不利于阿魏酸酯酶稳定性,但影响不显著;混合金属离子对阿魏酸酯酶稳定性影响不显著;进食量增加可以保护阿魏酸酯酶通过胃液环境,进入小肠发挥作用.在模拟胃液中,阿魏酸酯酶的酶活迅速降低,1 h时,酶活为25%左右,调整为小肠环境时,对阿魏酸酯酶有瞬时激活作用;5 h时,酶活为30%左右;胃肠道pH值是影响阿魏酸酯酶酶活的主要因素,胃蛋白酶、肠道中的金属离子对阿魏酸酯酶酶活影响较小,进食量对肠道中阿魏酸酯酶有保护作用,模拟肠液对经过模拟胃液处理的阿魏酸酯酶有瞬时激活作用.     

DNA cloning in Streptomyces: a bifunctional replicon comprising pBR322 inserted into a Streptomyces phage

The Gram-positive, mycelial, differentiating streptomycetes are responsible for the production of many important antibiotics. The availability of gene cloning systems in this microbial group would have many industrial applications besides allowing more penetrating study of the genetics of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) (which, as the best understood streptomycete genetically, serves as a model for much other Streptomyces genetics). Recent successes (see previous paper) in introducing Streptomyces DNA into S. coelicolor and Streptomyces lividans on plasmid vectors would be nicely complemented by the availability of Streptomyces bacteriophage vectors (discussed in ref. 5): for example, many phages have wide and easily defined host ranges; heat-inducible prophages might be used to give high copy number of cloned DNA; efficient phage promoters might be used to increase gene expression; there may be differential stabilities for particular DNA sequences cloned in plasmids vis-à-vis phages; selective insertion of DNA, utilizing packaging constraints, may be possible with phages; and in situ hybridization of radioactive probes to DNA in plaques is likely to be simple. We describe here the use of the moderately wide host range temperate phage, phi C31, for this purpose.     

Worldwide migration of amplified insecticide resistance genes in mosquitoes

In Culex pipiens, overproduction of nonspecific esterases is a common mechanism of resistance to organophosphate insecticides. The esterases are attributed to closely linked loci named A and B according to substrate preference, and overproduction of all esterases B is due to gene amplification. Distribution of electrophoretically distinct variants of overproduced esterases A and B is geographically restricted, with the exception of esterases A2 and B2, always found together throughout at least three continents. To determine whether this situation is due to migration or to a high mutation rate, esterase B structural genes and their flanking regions were compared by sequence and/or restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Whereas structural genes were similar, flanking regions of electrophoretically dissimilar esterases B varied considerably. In contrast, flanking sequences of esterases B2 from different geographical locations (Africa, Asia, North America) were identical. These results suggest that amplified esterase B2 genes originated from an initial event that has subsequently spread organophosphate insecticide resistance by migration.     

Giant linear plasmids in Streptomyces which code for antibiotic biosynthesis genes

A number of examples of circular plasmids with specific functions are known in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Several linear plasmids have also been identified, but these are all relatively small: large linear plasmids cannot be separated from chromosomal DNA by conventional techniques. There are several cases where the genetic evidence suggests that a character is encoded by a plasmid but no plasmid can be physically detected. This has been the case for antibiotic synthesis genes in Streptomyces; in particular a plasmid SCP1 in Streptomyces coelicolor has been shown to be involved in methylenomycin production by genetic evidence. We report here the application of orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis to the isolation of linear plasmids from Streptomyces. We have discovered a large linear plasmid of around 520 kilobases in Streptomyces lasaliensis and subsequently similar giant linear plasmids in other Streptomyces strains. We have confirmed that genes for methylenomycin biosynthesis are located on a series of giant linear plasmids in S. coelicolor. These observations may bear on the genetic variability and unstable genetic character of Streptomyces species.     

利用抗药性选育盐霉素高产菌株

采用紫外线诱变和紫外线复合氯化锂处理盐霉素生产菌株,利用含棕榈油的筛选平板,结合选育脂肪酶活力高的菌株,成功获得产量提高并适应棕榈油发酵的高产菌株Ae-4.棕榈油完全替代豆油摇瓶113 h发酵的产量是豆油发酵的88.7%(出发株为69.6%).进一步通过选育抗药性突变株获得了抗链霉素的高产突变株E4Lt-1(摇瓶发酵产量提高57.4%)和抗利福霉素的高产突变株Rift-1-2(摇瓶发酵产量提高44.9%).     

一株耐盐性链霉菌的鉴定及其抗菌活性

从厦门海岸潮间带红树林根系海泥分离到一株链霉菌S-111-9,能在含6～8％NaCl的高氏合成一号琼脂上生长;产生对革兰氏阳性、阴性细菌、酵母菌及霉菌有较强抑制作用的抗生素,其孢子丝直至波曲,偶而有螺旋,孢子圆柱形,表面有皱折;气生菌丝浅粉红色;基内菌丝褐色,无可溶性色素,该菌应归入链霉菌属(Streptomyces)粉红孢(Roseosporus)类群,而形态和生理特征与该类?的相近种华美链霉菌、玫瑰褐链霉菌和烟薰链霉菌有显著差别,可认为是一新种,?定名为厦海链霉菌(Streptomyces xia-baiensis n.sp.Zhou)。     

不同荧光蛋白基因标记利迪链霉菌

 利迪链霉菌（Streptomyces lydicus）A01 是一株分离自北京郊区对植物病原真菌具有广谱抑制作用的放线菌,在植物真菌病害防治中具有良好的应用前景。为了检测红霉素启动子在利迪链霉菌A01 中的活性,为后期对菌株A01 进行遗传改造提供技术支持,同时对生防菌A01 进行遗传标记以研究和阐明其在生态环境中的生物学行为规律,本实验采用两亲本接合的方法,将增强绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）和红色荧光蛋白（RFP）基因片段克隆到携带红霉素启动子（ermE^*）的链霉菌表达载体pIB139 中,成功构建了以egfp 和rfp 为报告基因的重组载体pIB139-EGFP 和pIB139-RFP,并转化利迪链霉菌A01,突变株在荧光显微镜下观察到较强的绿色荧光和红色荧光,同时PCR 鉴定结果正确。这表明重组载体pIB139-EGFP 和pIB139-RFP 成功转入菌株A01,并且ermE^*启动子成功启动egfp 和rfp 基因表达。     

Molecular cloning of the whole biosynthetic pathway of a Streptomyces antibiotic and its expression in a heterologous host

The application of molecular cloning to antibiotic-producing microorganisms should lead to enhanced antibiotic productivity and to the biosynthesis of novel antibiotics by in vitro interspecific recombination. To allow such approaches, the genes for antibiotic synthesis must be isolated, analysed and perhaps modified. Certain Streptomyces species produce nearly two-thirds of the known natural antibiotics; the recent development of cloning systems in the genus makes it possible to isolate and analyse Streptomyces genes. However, antibiotics are metabolites which require sets of several enzymes for their synthesis and attempts to isolate the corresponding genes have so far yielded clones carrying either individual genes of the set, or only incomplete gene sets. We describe here the isolation of a large continuous segment of Streptomyces coelicolor DNA which apparently carries the complete genetic information required for synthesis of an antibiotic, actinorhodin , from simple primary metabolites. Not only can the cloned DNA 'complement' all available classes of actinorhodin non-producing mutants of S. coelicolor but, on introduction into a different host, Streptomyces parvulus , it directs the synthesis of the antibiotic. The tendency for the genes for antibiotic synthesis to be clustered together on the chromosomes of Streptomyces species and the availability of plasmid vectors which can carry stable inserts of DNA larger than 30 kilobase pairs (kb) and which can be introduced efficiently into Streptomyces protoplasts, suggest that the experiments described have general significance for this area of biotechnology.     

Crystal structure and mechanism of a bacterial fluorinating enzyme

Fluorine is the thirteenth most abundant element in the earth's crust, but fluoride concentrations in surface water are low and fluorinated metabolites are extremely rare. The fluoride ion is a potent nucleophile in its desolvated state, but is tightly hydrated in water and effectively inert. Low availability and a lack of chemical reactivity have largely excluded fluoride from biochemistry: in particular, fluorine's high redox potential precludes the haloperoxidase-type mechanism used in the metabolic incorporation of chloride and bromide ions. But fluorinated chemicals are growing in industrial importance, with applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and materials products. Reactive fluorination reagents requiring specialist process technologies are needed in industry and, although biological catalysts for these processes are highly sought after, only one enzyme that can convert fluoride to organic fluorine has been described. Streptomyces cattleya can form carbon-fluorine bonds and must therefore have evolved an enzyme able to overcome the chemical challenges of using aqueous fluoride. Here we report the sequence and three-dimensional structure of the first native fluorination enzyme, 5'-fluoro-5'-deoxyadenosine synthase, from this organism. Both substrate and products have been observed bound to the enzyme, enabling us to propose a nucleophilic substitution mechanism for this biological fluorination reaction.     

利用噬菌体有效分离稀有放线菌的初步研究

 利用噬菌体S7和S3专一性感染裂解链霉菌的特性,选用几丁质、土壤浸汁和改良海藻糖-天门冬酰胺3种分离培养基,结合使用预培养、预处理及添加不同抑制剂等多种手段,对采自云南、缅甸的3份土样进行处理.实验检测了在不同培养基上噬菌体对链霉菌的抑制效果,结果表明在几丁质培养基上,噬菌体对链霉菌的抑制效果明显,提高了稀有放线菌的出菌率,增加了物种多样性.利用噬菌体是一种有效分离稀有放线菌的方法.     

Fusarium solani cutinase is a lipolytic enzyme with a catalytic serine accessible to solvent.

Lipases belong to a class of esterases whose activity on triglycerides is greatly enhanced at lipid-water interfaces. This phenomenon, called interfacial activation, has a structural explanation: a hydrophobic lid, which at rest covers the catalytic site, is displaced on substrate or inhibitor binding and probably interacts with the lipid matrix. Fusarium solani pisi cutinase belongs to a group of homologous enzymes of relative molecular mass 22-25K (ref. 7) capable of degrading cutin, the insoluble lipid-polyester matrix covering the surface of plants, and hydrolysing triglycerides. Cutinases differ from classical lipases in that they do not exhibit interfacial activation; they are active on soluble as well as on emulsified triglycerides. Cutinases therefore establish a bridge between esterases and lipases. We report here the three-dimensional structure of a recombinant cutinase from F. solani pisi, expressed in Escherichia coli. Cutinase is an alpha-beta protein; the active site is composed of the triad Ser 120, His 188 and Asp 175. Unlike other lipases, the catalytic serine is not buried under surface loops, but is accessible to solvent. This could explain why cutinase does not display interfacial activation.