乌药叶中总黄酮提取工艺的研究

以总黄酮为考察指标,采用紫外分光光度法测定乌药叶总黄酮含量,研究乌药叶总黄酮的乙醇溶液提取工艺.通过单因素实验和正交实验,考察乙醇浓度、提取时间、固液比、提取温度、提取次数等因素对黄酮提取率的影响.结果表明,乙醇提取乌药叶总黄酮的较佳工艺条件为60%(v/v)的乙醇溶液,固液比1:60,70℃回流提取2次,每次1.5 h.在此条件下,乌药叶总黄酮提取率达3.31%.     

枸杞总黄酮提取工艺优化及不同年份枸杞总黄酮含量测定

为探究枸杞贮藏过程中总黄酮含量变化规律,以枸杞总黄酮提取率为指标,采用单因素实验研究浸提温度、乙醇体积分数、料液比和提取时间4因素对枸杞总黄酮提取率的影响,设计正交试验优化提取工艺,并在优化条件下研究不同年份枸杞总黄酮含量及理化指标间的差异.结果发现,最佳提取工艺参数即浸提温度70℃、乙醇体积分数80%、料液比1∶15 g/mL、提取时间2.5 h、提取次数为2次.在此条件下,发现枸杞总黄酮含量随贮藏时间延长而呈现下降的变化趋势,这为枸杞总黄酮的开发利用和快速鉴别枸杞新陈提供理论依据.     

菟丝子中总黄酮提取工艺研究

采用正交试验的方法,以菟丝子含总黄酮量为评价指标,对菟丝子药材提取工艺进行筛选.结果显示,乙醇质量分数、提取次数和提取时间对实验结果有显著性意义,最佳提取工艺为95%乙醇8倍量,提取2次,每次提取1 h.优化提取工艺简单、稳定可行.     

桔皮类黄酮乙醇提取工艺研究

研究了桔皮类黄酮的乙醇提取工艺,以桔皮类黄酮质量分数为考察指标,通过单因素和正交试验,考察提取温度、乙醇质量浓度、固液比、提取时间对类黄酮质量分数的影响,结果确定最佳提取工艺条件为:提取温度70℃,固液比1∶25,乙醇质量分数70%,提取时间2 h.在最佳提取条件下,提取率可达22.03%.     

响应面Box-Behnken设计优化超声波辅助法提取甘草总黄酮的工艺研究

以甘草为原料,碱性乙醇溶液为提取剂,采用超声波辅助法提取甘草总黄酮。在单因素试验的基础上,以乙醇浓度、氨水浓度、液固比、超声温度及超声时间为响应变量,甘草总黄酮提取率为响应值,利用Box-Benhnken设计进行响应面分析,确定甘草总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,甘草总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为：液固比11,氨水体积分数1.0％,乙醇体积分数66％,超声时间20min,超声温度74℃。在该条件下,甘草总黄酮提取率为2.15％。     

荠菜总黄酮质量分数测定及超声提取工艺优化

采用UV法测定总黄酮的质量分数,通过超声辅助法进行提取,以铝盐显色法测定样品吸光度,以芦丁为标准溶液计算荠菜中总黄酮的质量分数.在单因素试验基础上,对影响因素提取温度、乙醇体积分数、超声提取时间、液料比进行正交试验,确定其最佳工艺条件.结果表明,不同来源荠菜中总黄酮质量分数为0.49%~3.83%.其中不同部位总黄酮质量分数花果中最高,其次是叶和茎;栽培品种较野生品种总黄酮质量分数高,变异小.荠菜总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件是,提取温度65 ℃,乙醇体积分数50%,超声时间40 min,液料比（mL∶g）25∶1.该条件下荠菜总黄酮提取率达到89.26%.     

酶解辅助水法提取土茯苓总黄酮工艺条件研究

采用了酶解辅助水法提取土茯苓总黄酮.以芦丁为标准品,用铝离子显色、紫外-可见分光光度法测定总黄酮含量.以总黄酮提取率为考察指标,通过单因素实验探讨酶用量、固液比、提取温度、提取次数对总黄酮提取率的影响,优化提取条件.结果表明最佳提取工艺条件为:酶用量2.0%、固液比例1:8、提取温度100℃、提取3次.最佳条件下,粗提物干粉得率为14.0%,干粉总黄酮含量为4.1%,总黄酮提取率为0.57%.     

苦丁茶中熊果酸的提取工艺

在苦丁茶中提取熊果酸的过程中,采用正交实验研究了乙醇体积分数、液固比、提取时间、提取温度、提取次数等对熊果酸浸出率的影响.正交实验的方差分析结果表明:对于熊果酸的浸出率,提取时间的影响最大,乙醇浓度和固液比的影响次之;最佳回流提取工艺条件为:在85℃水浴中,以90%(体积分数)乙醇水溶液为提取液,液固比为14 : 1,提取2次,每次提取2.5 h时,熊果酸的浸出率可达到1.44%.     

女贞子中总黄酮的超声提取工艺研究

目的:研究女贞子中总黄酮的超声提取工艺.方法:以芦丁作为对照品,总黄酮提取率为指标,采用正交试验优化乙醇浓度、提取次数、超声时间、料液比对总黄酮提取率的影响.结果:所考察的因素对女贞子总黄酮的提取率影响顺序为:提取次数超声时间料液比乙醇浓度,优化的提取条件:乙醇体积分数为40%、料液质量体积比1:25(g:mL),超声提取3次,每次超声处理1 h.结论:该超声提取工艺易于操作,不需加热,提取效率高,提取率为60.6mg·g-1,即每1g女贞子可提取60.6 mg总黄酮.     

叶用莴苣(Lactuca sativa)花青素提取技术的优化

以紫晶生菜为原料,柠檬酸水溶液为提取剂,分别研究了提取液浓度、浸提温度、固液比、浸提时间和浸提次数对花青素提取率的影响.在此基础上,采用三水平四因素安排实验,以520 nm为最大吸收波长,以吸光度为响应值,探讨浸提温度、浸提时间、提取液浓度和固液比对紫晶生菜花青素提取的影响,并对提取工艺进行优化.筛选出的最佳提取工艺条件为:提取剂质量浓度0.06 g/m L,浸提温度70℃,固液比1/70,浸提时间2 h,滤渣提取次数2次.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.