Evidence for non-selective preservation of organic matter in sinking marine particles

The sinking of particulate organic matter from ocean surface waters transports carbon to the ocean interior, where almost all is then recycled. The unrecycled fraction of this organic matter can become buried in ocean sediments, thus sequestering carbon and so influencing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. The processes controlling the extensive biodegradation of sinking particles remain unclear, partly because of the difficulty in resolving the composition of the residual organic matter at depth with existing chromatographic techniques. Here, using solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy, we characterize the chemical structure of organic carbon in both surface plankton and sinking particulate matter from the Pacific Ocean and the Arabian Sea. We found that minimal changes occur in bulk organic composition, despite extensive (>98%) biodegradation, and that amino-acid-like material predominates throughout the water column in both regions. The compositional similarity between phytoplankton biomass and the small remnant of organic matter reaching the ocean interior indicates that the formation of unusual biochemicals, either by chemical recombination or microbial biosynthesis, is not the main process controlling the preservation of particulate organic carbon within the water column at these two sites. We suggest instead that organic matter might be protected from degradation by the inorganic matrix of sinking particles.     

"春晓油田"事件的国际法解读

2005年9月发生的"春晓油田"事件中,日本媒体歪曲报道和日本政府不负责任的言行单方面使中日东海资源争议升级.从"春晓油田"事件入手,分析此次事件的真相和实质,并以此为基础对中日两国关于东海大陆架划界问题进行国际法分析.     

中日东海划界问题之关键——冲绳海槽的法律地位

中日两国在东海大陆架的根本分歧点是如何对东海大陆架划界的问题,而中日东海划界争端的核心是冲绳海槽的法律地位问题,它反映了双方在划界原则上的严重分歧。解决好这一问题是对我国主张的有力支持,对解决中日东海划界争端也有重要意义。同时,对这个问题的解决也直接影响到是否能实现1982年《联合国海洋法公约》中所要求的"公平解决"。     

国际法视野下的中日东海争端

国际法视野下的中日东海争端,是中日两国围绕能源安全在国际法领域展开的关于东海大陆架划界的争夺和较量。在东海争端中,中国主张公平原则以及与之相适应的自然延伸原则。自然延伸原则在适用东海大陆架划界上具备坚实的国际法文本依据、地理法律事实依据、国际司法判例依据。日本主张的中间线原则不过是一种简便的划界方法,并不具备国际法原则地位,因此,日本无权将中间线原则强加给中国。     

Coral reef ecosystems in the South China Sea as a source of atmospheric CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> in summer

Field measurements of air-sea CO2 exchange in three coral reef areas of the South China Sea (i.e. the Yongshu Reef atoll of the Nansha Islands, southern South China Sea (SCS); Yongxing Island of Xisha Islands, north-central SCS; and Luhuitou Fringing Reef in Sanya of Hainan Island, northern SCS) during the summers of 2008 and 2009 revealed that both air and surface seawater partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) showed regular diurnal cycles. Minimum values occurred in the evening and maximum values in the morning. Air pCO2 in each of the three study areas showed small diurnal variations, while large diurnal variations were ob-served in seawater pCO2. The diurnal variation amplitude of seawater pCO2 was ~70 μmol mol–1 at the Yongshu Reef lagoon, 420–619 μmol mol–1 on the Yongxing Island reef flat, and 264–579 μmol mol–1 on the reef flat of the Luhuitou Fringing Reef, and 324–492 μmol mol–1 in an adjacent area just outside of this fringing reef. With respect to spatial relations, there were large differences in air-sea CO2 flux across the South China Sea (e.g. ~0.4 mmol CO2 m–2 d–1 at Yongshu Reef, ~4.7 mmol CO2 m–2 d–1 at Yongxing Island, and ~9.8 mmol CO2 m–2 d–1 at Luhuitou Fringing Reef). However, these positive values suggest that coral reef ecosystems of the SCS may be a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere. Additional analyses indicated that diurnal variations of surface seawater pCO2 in the shallow water reef flat are controlled mainly by biological metabolic processes, while those of deeper water lagoons and outer reef areas are regulated by both biological metabolism and hydrodynamic factors. Unlike the open ocean, inorganic metabolism plays a significant role in influencing seawater pCO2 variations in coral reef ecosystems.     

东海PN断面障碍层和水团的季节变化特征及其可能联系

本文利用PN断面的高分辨率海水温-盐-深剖面测量仪(CTD)温度、盐度和密度资料进行分析,发现PN断面处的水团有明显的陆架水和黑潮水的交汇特征,且随着季节的变化PN断面处的水团特征也发生明显的变化.通过观测资料还确定了PN断面处障碍层是常年存在的而且具有显著的季节变化.采用曲线族拟合的水团分析方法,根据不同季节PN断面上陆架水和黑潮水的混合特征,证明了水团混合在障碍层形成及季节变化中的重要作用,发现障碍层的季节变化与陆架水团和黑潮水团混合的季节变化密切相关.夏季,陆架水团向外海延伸,浮置于黑潮水之上,此时障碍层深度最浅,障碍层厚度最大;秋季,黑潮水离岸最近,将黑潮水与陆架水的交汇处向西压迫至陆架内,此时几乎不存在障碍层,零星存在的障碍层深度较深,厚度是一年当中最薄的;冬季,由于黑潮水的核心相对于秋季向深海移动,使得陆架混合水也相应地向外海拓展,而且此时陆架水与黑潮水的交汇处不只在混合层内而是影响到跃层,此季节障碍层是一年当中深度最深,厚度最厚的;春季,黑潮水的核心以及两种水团的交汇处相对于冬季的位置更向深海移动,所以此时PN断面上的障碍层深度和厚度相对于冬季变化不大,只是位置东移.海面风场和净热通量场通过改变...     

南海北部浮游植物的时空异质性研究

 为研究南海北部浮游植物时空变化规律及其与海洋环境响应关系,采用1997-2002年开展的“南海专属经济区和大陆架渔业资源及其栖息环境调查”所取得的浮游植物调查数据,利用GIS空间局部插值法构建景观分析模型,对南海北部浮游植物时空异质性进行了分析。结果表明,南海北部海区浮游植物密度变化范围为0.03(4 179×10⁴ 个/m³,总平均为87.2×10⁴ 个/m³,夏冬春秋四季浮游植物平均密度由高至低。南海北部浮游植物总体近海高于远海,且在近海海域呈斑块状分布格局,斑块一般出现在北部湾中北部上升流区、粤东遮浪上升流区、台湾浅滩上升流区和粤西沿岸电白-阳江上升流区等南海北部几个重要上升流区内。浮游植物密度最高值斑块一般随着季风和沿岸流的季节转换而交替向东或向西方向进行有规律的漂移。     

用营养动态模式估算东海区大陆架渔场渔业资源蕴藏量

引用在东海区渔场进行的"海洋生物资源补充调查和资源评价"获得的初级生产力调查结果,综合已有的研究数据,采用PARSONS和CUSHING营养动态模式,对东海区渔场的渔业资源蕴藏量进行了估算。结果表明:1996～2005年东海区大陆架渔场渔业资源平均营养级为3.531级,近10年渔业资源年平均蕴藏量为836×104t,可捕量为418×104t左右;其中东海陆架渔场平均资源量为591×104t,可捕量296×104t;黄海南部平均资源量为245×104t,可捕量123×104t。2002～2005年东海区大陆架渔场平均资源蕴藏量为855×104t,可捕量为428×104t左右;东海区大陆架单位面积渔业资源蕴藏量为14.59t/km2,可捕量7.5t/km2;有机碳与鱼的比例为10.32:1,在世界各渔场中均属于较高水平;东海的单位面积渔业资源蕴藏量为8.89t/km2,东海区海域单位面积渔业资源蕴藏量为10.20t/km2,可捕量分别为4.5t/km2和5.1t/km2,高于黄渤海区和南海,略低于福建海区。目前东海区大陆架渔场的年渔获量已达750×104t左右,远远超过估算的420×104t左右年可捕量水平,使渔业资源始终处于过度捕捞状态。要使渔业资源恢复到良好状态,至少要减少目前40%的渔获量。     

酰氧基硼氢化钠在有机合成中的应用

酰氧基硼氢化钠在有机合成上具有广泛的用途，着重介绍了酰氧基硼氢化钠的生成过程及在醛、酮、醇烯胺、含氮杂环化合物、肟、腈、酰胺的还原及Ｎ─烷基化反应等方面的应用。     

中国海洋红藻门新分类系统

利用研究结果并参考文献资料,对我国海洋红藻门新的分类系统进行组织和完善,并阐述了各物种分布特征。我国海洋红藻门有2纲16目46科216属845种及其变种,在我国海藻三区的区系分布为黄渤海190种、东中国海134种和南中国海702种,四小区的区系分布为黄海西区190种、东海西区134种、南海北区246种和南海南区576种。     

中国海洋褐藻门新分类系统

根据研究结果并结合文献资料,组织和完善了我国海洋褐藻门新的分类系统,并阐述了各物种分布特征。我国海洋褐藻门有1纲13目28科74属378种及其变种,在我国海藻三区的区系分布为黄渤海119种、东中国海30种和南中国海279种,在四小区的区系分布为黄海西区119种、东海西区30种、南海北区128种和南海南区217种。     

中国海洋绿藻门新分类系统

根据研究结果并结合文献资料,组织和完善了我国海洋绿藻门新的分类系统,并阐述了各物种分布特征。我国海洋绿藻门有3纲14目25科57属287种及其变种,在我国海藻三区的区系分布为黄渤海67种、东中国海27种和南中国海250种,四小区的区系分布为黄海西区67种、东海西区27种、南海北区64种和南海南区230种。     

东海陆架与冲绳海槽晚第四纪沉积硅藻的对比研究

通过对东海陆架DG9617孔以及冲绳海槽A孔和B孔岩芯沉积硅藻进行高分辨率的采样分析,总共鉴定出166种和变种,其中有近14个主要硅藻种在3个钻孔中都连续分布,且有较高的含量,而其余种类含量较低或分布不连续或仅零星检出.根据3个钻孔岩芯中产出硅藻属种组成、含量变化及热带远洋种丰度等特征建立起各自的硅藻组合带.通过对比分析,表明硅藻植物群在东海陆架及冲绳海槽不同沉积环境条件下均记录了自晚第四纪以来古海洋、古气候的变化.     

Flushing submarine canyons

The continental slope is a steep, narrow fringe separating the coastal zone from the deep ocean. During low sea-level stands, slides and dense, sediment-laden flows erode the outer continental shelf and the continental slope, leading to the formation of submarine canyons that funnel large volumes of sediment and organic matter from shallow regions to the deep ocean(1). During high sea-level stands, such as at present, these canyons still experience occasional sediment gravity flows(2-5), which are usually thought to be triggered by sediment failure or river flooding. Here we present observations from a submarine canyon on the Gulf of Lions margin, in the northwest Mediterranean Sea, that demonstrate that these flows can also be triggered by dense shelf water cascading (DSWC)-a type of current that is driven solely by seawater density contrast. Our results show that DSWC can transport large amounts of water and sediment, reshape submarine canyon floors and rapidly affect the deep-sea environment. This cascading is seasonal, resulting from the formation of dense water by cooling and/or evaporation, and occurs on both high- and low-latitude continental margins(6-8). DSWC may therefore transport large amounts of sediment and organic matter to the deep ocean. Furthermore, changes in the frequency and intensity of DSWC driven by future climate change may have a significant impact on the supply of organic matter to deep-sea ecosystems and on the amount of carbon stored on continental margins and in ocean basins.     

东海浪岗山岛屿黄土的粒度组成及风尘特征

通过对东海浪岗山岛屿黄土的系统采样和粒度测试分析，并与其他地方黄土充分对比，讨论了浪岗山第四纪风尘沉积的粒度特征.浪岗山黄土剖面粒度垂向变化不大.小于5 μm颗粒平均含量为24.9%.10~50 μm粒组富集，分布均匀，符合黄土的风成特性.但粗颗粒（>50 μm）含量均超过10%，高于西部黄土的粗颗粒含量.显示该剖面除了接受来自西北内陆的远源风尘物质外，还接受来自沉积区附近的“近源”风尘物质.     

High-resolution climate recorded in the δ13 C of Porites lutea from Nansha Islands of China

A Porites lutea core from Yongshu Reef of Nansha Islands covering 50_year growth history is analyzed for carbon isotopic composition with monthly and seasonal resolution, and the results show that the coral δ 13 C generally has clear yearly cycles. The calibration indicates that the coral δ 13 C can record the sunshine duration, total cloud cast and rainfall of the Yongshu Reef, and it also shows significant association to El Nio events. From 1950 to 1999, the δ 13 C shows a clear long-term declining trend, which indicates a decrease in the sunshine duration and an increase in cloud cast and rainfall over Yongshu Reef over the past fifty years.     

东海内陆架EC2005孔沉积物磁化率与粒度组分的相关性研究

对位于浙-闽沿岸泥质带的EC2005孔长岩芯(6 020 cm)进行了磁化率和粒度测量,分析了沉积物不同粒级组分和磁化率大小变化的相关关系.通过计算两者的相关系数,认为在整段岩芯上两者呈正相关,且磁性颗粒主要赋存在粗颗粒物质中.磁化率与>63 μm的组分含量的相关系数为0.510,而对<4 μm乃至<16 μm的组分,与磁化率呈反相关,相关系数可达-0.644.在不同沉积相中,磁化率和不同粒度组分含量的相关关系有所不同.前三角洲相和前滨相沉积物的磁化率和粒度组分没有表现出明显的相关性;三角洲前缘相和三角洲平原相沉积物磁化率和粒度的相关性与整段岩芯的相似;浅海相沉积物4～16 μm的组分与磁化率呈较强的反相关.600～2 806 cm的沉积物可能遭受了早期还原成岩作用,导致磁化率与粒度组分的相关程度降低.水动力条件是影响两者相关性的重要因素.水动力条件强,则两者相关性较好;水动力条件较弱,则两者基本不相关.磁化率和粒度组分的相关性还受到物源变化、分选程度的影响.磁化率和粒度的组合特征蕴含了一定的古气候信息.全球性的气候事件如新仙女木事件、8-2 ka冷事件在粒度参数中都有较好的响应,相比之下磁化率数据的变化幅度没有粒度数据强烈,可能与磁化率的多种控制因素有关.     

南海碳的生物地球化学研究进展

简述南海碳的生物地球化学的研究进展,重点介绍国家杰出青年基金课题“南海碳的生物地球化学循环研究-胶体的显著作用”的研究内容,报道了近年来我们在该领域的最新阶段性研究成果。     

Coastal seafloor observatory at Xiaoqushan in the East China Sea

The seafloor observation system is becoming an important infrastructure for marine research because it is transforming oceanic research from temporal investigation to long term observation.The East China Sea coastal seafloor observatory,located between 30°31′44″N,122°15′12″E and 30°31′34″N,122°14′40″E,is constructed near the Xiaoqushan Island outside the Hangzhou Bay on the inner continental shelf of the East China Sea.The observatory is connected by a submarine optical fiber composite power cable that is more than one kilometer long and consists of a special junction box that transmits power and communication signals to different instruments.The special junction box has a variety of waterproof plugs and connects to three different instruments installed in a trawl preventer.The submarine optical fiber composite power cable is landed on the platform by The East China Sea Branch,State Oceanic Administration and the power is continuously supplied by the solar panels and solar battery on the top of the platform.The real time data are directly sent through the cable to the platform and are transmitted by CDMA wireless to the receiver at the State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology of Tongji University.Measurements at the observatory have been taken since April 20,2009 after installation and the results have been interpreted.The characteristics of the near bottom boundary are constrained by a sediment suspension model using portion of the observed data.In particular,discussion is provided on the sea surface height anomaly at Xiaoqushan Island influenced by the tsunami driven by the 2010 Earthquake in Chile.The successful establishment of the coastal seafloor observatory is the first step toward future development of seafloor observation systems in China.It not only accumulates experiences in technology and engineering,but also paves the way for performing important oceanic research using the long term continuous observation platform.     

Export and remineralization of POM in the Southern Ocean and the South China Sea estimated from ~(210)Po/~(210)Pb disequilibria

Disequilibria between 210Po and 210Pb in the upper water and their potential applications as a proxy of particle export and remineralization were examined in the Southern Ocean (station IV3) and the South China Sea (NS44). 210Po was deficit in surface waters but excessive relative to 210Pb in subsurface waters. Good positive correlation between 210Po and particulate organic carbon (POC) indicated deficits and excess of 210Po resulted from particulate organic matter (POM) export and remineralization respecti...