长期继代小麦培养细胞的染色体结构变异特征

本文对继代培养12．5年的普通小麦济南177愈伤组织染色体的结构变异进行了研究，并与继代时间为1．5－8．6年的进行比较，发现其染色体结构变异的类型发生了改变，除了原有的少数染色体断片和双着丝粒染色体以外，较高频率地出现了近端着丝粒染色体和端着丝粒染色体，分布频率分别为91．11％和84．44％。同工酶和RAPD分析表明，不同继代时期的培养细胞基因的组成和表达存在差异。     

防风（Saposchnikovia divaricata）体细胞在继代培养过…

对防风体细胞在组织培养过程中遗传物质的稳定性进行了研究，结果发现防风体细胞在继代这程中染色体变异显著，有亚倍体、超倍体、单倍体、多倍体和微核细胞出现，并发生染色体的形态变异，培养半年以上亚倍体和微核细胞出现并开始增多，超倍体和多倍体细胞极少；随着培养时间的延长，亚倍体和微核细胞消失，而多倍体和超倍体细胞显著增多，对于这和睦生的变化，认为是在成分对不同的变异类型加以选择的结果，推测培养后期超倍体的大     

玉米组织培养中的染色体变异

观察４种基因型幼根诱导的愈伤组织细胞染色体发现：（１）２．４－Ｄ浓度较低时，利于多倍体细胞发生，２．４－Ｄ浓度较高时，利于二倍体细胞分裂，（２）随着继代时间延长，不同基因型的细胞染色体数目均有变异（３）出现多种染色体结构变异。     

防风（Saposchnikovia divaricata）体细胞在继代培养过程中的染色体变异

对防风（Ｓａｐｏｓｃｈｉｋｏｖｉａｄｉｖａｒｉｃａｔａ）体细胞在组织培养过程中遗传物质的稳定性进行了研究，结果发现防风体细胞在继代培养过程中染色体变异显著，有亚倍体、超倍体、单倍体、多倍体和微核细胞出现，并发生染色体的形态变异。培养半年以上亚倍体和微核细胞出现并开始增多，超倍体和多倍体细胞极少；随着培养时间的延长，亚倍体和微核细胞消失，而多倍体和超倍体细胞显著增多。对于这种规律性的变化，认为是培养基成分对不同的变异类型加以选择的结果，推测培养后期超倍体的大量出现与微核细胞的消失可能有着某种因果联系。微核可能有其它的形成途径。     

果树多倍体育种的探讨

果树多倍体育种是利用对自然变异、人工诱变、有性杂交培育、胚乳培养和原生质体融合培育获得多倍体.多倍体的鉴定以形态特征、解剖结构、生理生化特性和染色体数目为主.果树多倍体育种中应以合适的倍性作为育种目标,重视多倍体种质资源的创新与应用,重视对多倍体嵌合类型的分离纯化以及利用现代技术提高育种效率等.     

长期培养的红豆草愈伤组织及其分化芽中染色体变异的研究

对长城１号和埃斯基红豆草在组织培养和原生质体培养中形成的愈伤组织及分化的芽进行了细胞学研究．结果表明，在上述材料中均存在染色体数的变异，其变化范围为７～１１２，主要变异类型是以７为基数的整倍性增减，非整倍性变化的较少．染色体数的变异程度与愈伤组织的性质、培养时间的长短、继代培养中激素的累积浓度以及２，４－Ｄ的浓度有着密切的关系．在丧失分化能力的长城１号红豆草愈伤组织中，正常核型的细胞仅占３３％～３５％；有分化能力的埃斯基红豆草愈伤组织中，正常细胞为４１％～５０％；而在分化的芽中正常细胞数均超过５０％．培养时间越长，激素累积浓度越高，染色体的变异程度越大．在短时间内使用高浓度的２，４－Ｄ进行培养，也可以引起较大的变异．另外，还观察到了染色体结构的各种变异和有丝分裂异常     

石刁柏花药培养植株群体的遗传多态性

对芦笋（石刁柏）５个品种花药离体培养的植株进行了倍性鉴别，统计分析表明：花药培养植株群体倍性问的变异差异极显著（ｐ＜０．０１）．其中，单倍体占２．１％，二倍体占６７．０％，多倍体占２３．９％，非整倍体占６．４％．但各品种间的倍性频率差异不显著（ｐ＞０．０５）．此外，讨论了遗传多态性表现中的若干问题．     

九龙牦牛C带和银染核仁组织区（Ag－NORs）的研究

对九龙耗牛染色体的核型、Ｃ带及Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ的研究表明：九龙耗牛的常染色体为近端着丝粒染色体，Ｘ、Ｙ染色体为亚中部着丝染色体，Ｃ带具有多态性，Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ分布于２、３、４、５、２８对染色体上，其频率为５．０４；并对耗牛常染色体的形态和犏牛雄性不育的机理进行了讨论，为九龙耗牛的研究提供了细胞遗传学方面的资料。     

普通遗传学教材中n，x和染色体基数的概念问题

普通遗传学有关教材中，对n，x和染色体基数之间关系的叙述常使学生在概念上造成混乱．事实上，遗传学上把一个正常配子中所包含的染色体数，称为染色体组（Genome），用n表示，这是指大多数生物是二倍体而言．由于引入了染色体基数x的概念，因此，在异源多倍体中的非整倍体生物中，应强调只有具偶数染色体组的生物体才有可能产生单体、三体、四体、双三体和缺体这类染色体数目的变异．就普通遗传学教材中n，x和染色体基数的概念问题进行了分析和讨论．     

阳桃四倍体植株诱导试验

利用秋水仙素对阳桃茎尖进行四倍体植株诱导．结果表明，浸泡法处理的效果最好，诱导频率最高可达29．6％，而混培法和点滴法较差．浸泡法以质量分数为0．002的秋水仙素处理25h为最适宜，混培法以质量分数为0．002的秋水仙素处理20d效果最好．秋水仙素诱导产生的变异植株经染色体倍性鉴定，其染色体数目为2n=44，属四倍体植株类型．同时，对阳桃二倍体和四倍体植株进行形态观察发现，四倍体植株叶色浓绿，叶面积增大，但叶长与叶宽的比值却减小，保卫细胞的长度、宽度．以及叶绿体含量也增大，气孔密度变小．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-