Carbon isotopic compositions of individual terpenoids in heavy oils from Karamay oilfield

The carbon isotopic compositions of individual terpenoids in the heavy oils from the Karamay oilfield were determined by using the method of enrichment of terpanes with molecular sieve 13X and GC-IRMS technique. The terpanes, selectively enriched from the biodegraded oils with molecular sieve 13X, can meet the demand of GC-IRMS analysis. The carbon isotopic compositions of the hopanoids (δ13C -31.7‰--37.8‰ ) infer that their main source is probably non-methanotrophic bacteria, and that the depositional environment of source rocks is a strongly reductive, rapidly depositional, and closed-semi-closed saline lagoon.     

Isotopic composition characteristics and identification of immature and lowmature oils

Isotopic composition characteristics and the significance of immature and low-mature oils are first systematically discussed. The carbon isotopes of the whole oil can be divided into two groups, one has δ¹³C main peak values ranging from -30‰ to -29 and the other from -27‰ to-25‰, they are related to lacustrine and salt-lake facies or swamp facies, respectively. The carbon isotopic fractionation among different group components is relatively small, usually less than 2‰ and the biggest difference in fractionation often occurs between saturated and aromatic fractions. Their δD values vary between -180‰ and -130‰ The main peak of their δD values concentrates between -170‰ and -150‰, suggesting a domination of lacustrine fades. However, the secondary peak ranges from -160‰ to -150‰, showing a frequent salinization of paleo-water bodies. The average δ¹³C values of the methane vary between -50‰ and -52‰, about 10‰ lighter than those of mature oils. There is a relatively good correlationship between immature and low-mature oils and their source rocks in carbon isotopic compositions of group fractions and monohydrocarbons; moreover, compared with the source rocks of mature oils, that of immature oils is often relatively depleted in¹³C, which is one of the characteristics of immature oils, differing from those of mature oils.     

Application of C5-C13 light hydrocarbons in depositional envlrOnment diagnosis

Based on the geological background and Gammacerane/C31H(S+R)ratios,source rock depositional environments of the studied oil samples(194)from 13 oilfields were classified into three groups according to salinity:saline-lacustrine facies,fresh to brackish lacustrine facies(including linmetic facies),and semi-saline to saline facies(including marine facies of the Tarim Basin).C5-C13 compound groups in the crude oils were separated by GC,and about 286 compounds were qualitatively analyzed.The geochemical application of the C6-C13 compound groups and their ratios between each group with individual carbon number was investigated.Our studies show that(1)C6-C13 compound groups and their ratios in the crude oils could serve as new reliable parameters for oil-oil correlation because the C6-C13 light fractions are the major oil component,especially in light oil or condensate,in which they account for almost 90%of the whole oil;(2)the compound groups of C7 light hydrocarbons in oils derived from different depositional environments with different salinity have different characteristics;(3)C6-C13 compound groups and ratios may be affected by other factors such as maturity,but they are mainly controlled by salinity of depositional waters.     

贵阳乌当地区的旧司组与祥摆组

通过地层对比、岩相及生物组合分析，表明乌当地区的旧司组从田坝头到苗天之间沉积环境由潮坪－滨湖相变为砂坪－泥坪相，沉积物由灰岩夹炭质页岩渐变为石英砂岩夹灰绿色页岩。合理地解释了它们之间的关系及空间的展布规律。     

四川米易二滩地区的二滩组

四川盐边凹路、力马、红果及米易二滩、金龙山等地的二滩组上、下部均为细砂岩、粉砂岩、铁铝质粘土岩夹赤铁矿和铝土矿透镜体,底部常见砾岩,顶部为灰黑色碳质页岩夹劣质煤透镜体,中部为微晶生物灰岩夹粗粒白云质钙质石英砂岩。以富含腕足化石为特色,还可见珊瑚、虫筵、非虫筵有孔虫、介形虫、三叶虫、苔藓虫、腹足类等生物化石。沉积二滩组时期,研究区处于泥坪、混合坪、不稳定碳酸盐台地及潮坪沼泽等环境,代表一次较大的海进海退过程。二滩组与梁山组、树河组在岩性特征、所含生物面貌及时间跨度等方面存在显著差异。新建二滩组相当于研究区原石炭系与原梁山组之和,其时代为早二叠世栖霞期至茅口早期     

The carbon isotope study of biomarkers in the Maoming and the Jianghan tertiary oil shale

In terms of the individual carbon isotope data of biomarkers present in the typical freshwater lake sediment (Maoming oil shale) and saline lake sediment lake (Jianghan oil shale) of China, this paper discusses their precursors and depositional environments of biomarkers in both sediment samples. Our studies showed that phytane and pristane of the Maoming oil shale were derived from the phytol side chain of chlorophyll a. By comparing the isotopic composition of 4-methyl sterane with that of sterane and hopane, it is suggested that 4-methyl sterane which has a higher abundance in the Maoming oil shale come from bacteria. The isotopic composition of biomarkers from the Jianghan rock sample (saline lake sediment ) is significantly different from that of the Maoming oil shale (freshwater lake sediment). Gammacerane was derived from haloprotozoan, with δ13C being about -25.8‰, just in consistency with the value reported in previous studies. The isotopic composition of phytane and pristane in the Jianghan rock is similar to that of sterane and 4-methyl sterane derived from phytoplanktons, illustrating their commonprecursors were algae. This paper reported for the first time the carbon isotope data of porphyrin obtained by GC-IRMS techniques. The approximate δ13C of C32DPEP and C31DPEP porphyrin from the Jianghan Basin indicated that the porphyrin was derived from chlorophyll. In the Maomingoil shale C32DPEP was enriched in 13C relative to C32etio and C31DPEP, implying that C32DPEP came from chlorophyll, and C32etio and C31DPEP are of other origins.     

The specific carbon isotopic compositions of branched and cyclic hydrocarbons from Fushun oil shale

Various branched and cyclic hydrocarbons are isolated from the Fushun oil shale and their carbon isotopes are determined. The analytical results show that the branched and cyclic hydrocarbons are fully separated from n-alkanes by 5 A molecular-sieve adduction using long time and cold solvent. The branched and cyclic hydrocarbon fraction obtained by this method is able to satisfy the analytic requests of GC-IRMS. The carbon isotopic compositions of these branched and cyclic hydrocarbons obtained from the sample indicate that they are derived from photoautotrophic algae, chemoautotrophic bacteria (-33.4‰— -39.0‰) and methanotrophic bacteria (-38.4‰— -46.3‰). However the long-chain 2-methyl-branched alkanes indicate that their carbon isotopic compositions reflect biological origin from higher plants. The carbon isotopic composition of C30 4-methyl sterane (-22.1‰) is the heaviest in all studied steranes, showing that the carbon source or growth condition for its precursor, dinoflageilate, may be different from that of regular steranes. The variation trend of δ^13C ValUes between isomers of hopanes shows that ^13C-enriched precursors take precedence in process of their epimerization. Methanotrophic hopanes presented reveal the processes of strong transformation of organic matter and cycling of organic carbon in the water column and early diagenesis of oil shale.     

河北省邯邢地区煤系气成藏特征及其共生组合模式

为揭示煤系气共生成藏作用,寻找分布有利区,实现共探共采,利用统计分析、测井分析、压汞实验、有机碳含量、有机质成熟度等实验方法,对河北省邯邢地区太原组和山西组煤系气成藏特征及其组合关系开展研究,并划分煤系气分布有利区.研究区煤层和暗色泥页岩为主要烃源岩,有机质类型为Ⅲ型,有机质成熟度介于0.61％ ～2.85％;致密砂岩孔隙度平均值为5.14％,渗透率平均值为0.03 mD,煤系气储层总体以砂-泥混合储层为主.煤层、泥页岩、致密砂岩和灰岩互为盖层,发育7种岩相组合类型.煤系气共生组合有3种类型,6种组合模式,包括自生共储型、自生自储型和共生共储型.山西组下部和太原组中下部为煤系气主要发育层段.研究区东部和南部构造简单,埋深较大,利于煤系气的成藏,西北部构造复杂,地层抬升,不利于煤系气的成藏.     

沁水盆地山西组致密气成藏条件分析

为了评价沁水盆地山西组的致密气勘探潜力,应用地球化学、流体包裹体、稀有气体和生排烃概念模型等实验技术方法,综合分析了山西组致密气的成藏地质条件。研究结果表明,山西组泥岩和煤岩的总有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)较大,有机质为Ⅲ型干酪根且达到高-过成熟阶段,以生气为主。泥岩和煤岩的生气潜力巨大,生气量分别达到11.44×10~(12)、39.33×10~(12) m~3,山西组致密气资源量为0.14×10~(12) m~3。稀有气体Ar同位素比值表明泥岩是致密气的主力气源岩,其生成的天然气对致密气的贡献率为70.1%,煤岩的贡献率为29.9%。根据盆地的埋藏-热演化史和流体包裹体的均一温度测试结果,确定山西组致密气存在2个成藏期,对应的成藏时间分别为中-晚三叠世和晚侏罗世-早白垩世。此次研究定量评价了沁水盆地山西组致密气的成藏条件,可为该区致密气的勘探提供有利方向。     

Re-Os dating of Mo-bearing black shale of the Laoyaling deposit,Tongling, Anhui Province,China

Laoyaling is a typical stratiform deposit in the Tongling district and the molybdenum orebody is hosted by black shale of the Dalong Formation of the Upper Permian system. Eight black shale samples from the Laoyaling Mo orebody were dated by Re-Os technique using ICP-MS, which give an isochron age of 234.2±7.3 Ma with an initial 187Os/188Os ratio of 1.37±0.39. The apparent Re-Os age is a few million years younger than the depositional age of the Late Permian. The young isochron age may be caused by the later hydrothermal disturbance or mass fractionation during ICP-MS measurement. However, the obtained isochron age is close to the depositional age and far earlier than those of the Late Yanshanian intrusions. It suggests that the Mo ore of the Laoyaling deposit is sedimentary in origin and not related to the Late Yanshanian magmatism. Black shales of the Upper Permian are distributed widely in the Mid-Lower Yangtze region, our result is important for understanding the ore-forming processes in the regio     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部页岩气地化特征及成因

对鄂尔多斯盆地南部页岩气井进行井口生产气取样、岩心解析气取样,进行天然气组分分析和碳氢同位素测试。明确了延长组长7段、长9段天然气组分特征,碳氢同位素特征,结合天然气分析相关图版探讨了天然气的成因类型及来源。结果表明,研究区天然气为有机成因气,干燥系数小,含有一定量的重烃成分,属于典型的湿气,排除了生物气及高温裂解气的可能。乙烷碳同位素特征及天然气类型图版分析表明该区页岩气为典型的油型气。长7段页岩气碳同位素组成序列整体为δ13 C1﹤δ13 C2﹤δ13 C3﹤δ13 C4,为正常序列,少量样品显示同位素反转,长9段长7段页岩气碳同位素组成序列为δ13 C1﹤δ13 C2﹤δ13 C3﹤δ13 C4。认为长7段页岩气来自本层段张家滩页岩,但局部地区存在运移通道,发生了天然气混合,长9段页岩气来自于长9段李家畔页岩。     

抚顺油页岩及其残渣的热解性能

用热重分析法研究了抚顺油页岩及其残渣的热解性质与热解动力学.结果显示,油页岩和油页岩渣的热解反应为两个过程:在常温~200℃,主要是水分的挥发,油页岩及其残渣中水的挥发量分别为2.446%和3.202%;在200~600℃,主要是固定碳的热解,失重率分别为16.048%和6.524%.采用Coats-Redfern方法得到了热解反应两个部分的动力学常数,抚顺油页岩的活化能分别为51.84和28.14 kJ/mol,频率因子分别为62.35和0.003 25 min-1;抚顺油页岩渣的活化能分别为36.62和55.05 kJ/mol,频率因子分别为0.009 76和0.341 min-1.另外油...     

川西坳陷富有机质页岩孔隙特征

采用低温氮气吸附法和场发射扫描电镜对川西坳陷富有机质页岩进行孔隙特征研究。结果表明:川西坳陷富有机质页岩比表面积为3.404~19.473 m2/g,远大于常规储层比表面积,大多数比表面积由微孔和过渡孔提供;页岩具有从微孔到中孔等一系列连续性孔隙,孔隙平均孔径为3.06~7.82 nm,孔隙类型以平行板状孔和一端封闭的盲孔为主,同时有一定量的墨水瓶状孔;页岩比表面积与有机碳含量呈正相关,有机碳含量、热演化程度与孔径呈负相关性,石英等脆性矿物和比表面积有弱正相关性。     

A 200-ka carbon isotope record from the South China Sea

Stable isotope of autogenous oceanic carbonate (e.g., calcite of foraminiferal shells) has become a basic tracer in paleoceanography. Oxygen isotope composi-tion (δ 18O) is generally controlled by factors, such as ice volume and water temperature, and is…     

不同轮伐期对巨尾桉人工林碳固存的影响

【目的】深入探讨不同轮伐期对巨尾桉人工林碳固存的影响,为从应对全球气候变化的视角确定合理轮伐期提供理论依据。【方法】以轮伐期为短(7a)、中(13a)和长周期(21a)的巨尾桉人工林为研究对象,通过对不同轮伐期桉树林分生物量、碳固存、年平均固碳量的分析,揭示不同轮伐期对桉树林分碳固存的影响。【结果】巨尾桉人工林的生物量碳随着轮伐期的延长而逐渐增加,由7a轮伐期的(75.81±5.12)t·C/hm~2增至13a轮伐期的(180.11±19.97)t·C/hm~2以及21a轮伐期的(192.08±16.50)t·C/hm~2,方差分析表明,13a和21a轮伐期的总生物量碳显著高于7a轮伐期,而13a和21a轮伐期之间的差异不显著。巨尾桉人工林土壤有机碳随轮伐期延长而显著降低,由7a轮伐期的(89.99±0.35)t·C/hm~2、13a轮伐期的(85.42±0.76)t·C/hm~2下降到21a轮伐期的(74.64±0.24)t·C/hm~2。7~13a仍是巨尾桉人工林固碳能力迅速增长期,年平均总生物量碳由7a时的10.78t·C/(hm~2·a)迅速提高到13a的19.54t·C/(hm~2·a),增长81%;21a时巨尾桉人工林进入固碳能力下降期,年平均总生物量碳降至3.78t·C/(hm~2·a),固碳能力只是13a的19.34%。【结论】在南亚热带,巨尾桉人工林的最佳轮伐期确定在13a左右较为适宜,这与经济效益的最大化一致。     

Immature crude oils in the salt lake depositional environment are related to organic matter precipitated at stage of carbonate in salt lake sedimentation sequences

The present paper studies the mineralogy and geochemistry of a geological section in Jianghan basin. Widely distributed immature oils in this basin have been shown to relate to the carbonate depositional stage of salt lake sedimentation cycle. It is concluded that only when the content of organic carbon in the rocks is taken into account, is it meaningful to calculate the immature oil in the source rocks.     

Apparent ages of suspended sediment and soil erosion of the Pearl River (Zhujiang) drainage basin

The carbon isotopic composition (Δ 14 C,δ 13 C) and apparent ages of suspended sediment were determined in the Pearl River in the years 1998,2000 and 2005.These results indicate that suspended POC consists mostly of young carbon and some old carbon.Apparent ages of suspended POC range from 540 to 2050 a BP.The apparent ages are older in the Xijiang and Beijiang Rivers,while these values are variable in the Dongjiang River,including old and young samples.The suspended POCδ 13 C values increase with increasin...     

Comparison of the carbon isotope composition of total organic carbon and long-chain <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-alkanes from surface soils in eastern China and their significance

Surface soil samples collected over a high spatial resolution in eastern China were analyzed for carbon isotope composition （δ^13C） of total organic carbon （TOC） and higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes, with the latter reported as weighted mean values. The two sets of δ^13C values are significantly correlated and show similar trends in spatial variation. The spatial distribution of δ^13C shows less negative values in the mid-latitudes between 31°N and 40°N and more negative ones at higher and lower latitudes. This is consistent with previously reported carbon isotope data from surface soil phytoliths in the same region and suggests that the mid-latitude area provides relatively favorable growing condi- tions for C4 plants. Furthermore, δ^13C values of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes from 12 surface soil samples collected from a small grassland in north China displayed similar carbon isotope values and the difference between paired δ^13C of a soil samples remains relatively constant. Our data demonstrate that in eastern China, soil δ^13C composition of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes is effective indicators of C3/C4 ratios of the prevailing vegetation. This work suggests that -22‰ and -32‰ are good es- timated end members for the weighted mean δ^13C values of long-chain n-alkanes （C27, C29 and C31 n-alkanes） from soils under dominant C4 or C3 vegetation, allowing us to reconstruct paleovegetation trends.     

Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of carbonates in middle Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation and sea-level change

δ13C of dolostones from the Wumishan Formation (1 310-1 207 Ma) in the Ming Tombs area near Beijing ranges from - 1.5 to 1.5‰ (PDB), and generally, the δ18O ranges from - 4 to - 5‰ (PDB). The secular variation of stable carbon isotopic compositions is cyclic. δ13C displays positive shifts from a sequence boundary to 1.5 per mil (PDB), then a negative shifts to - 1.5 per mil (PDB). In some unit, where δ13C values of the rocks are negative, they have relatively high δ18O values close to -4.0‰ (PDB). These characteristics of the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions may be associated with sea-level changes.     

A breakthrough of researching reservoir adsorption gas and its significance

GC-C-MS on linear isotope analysis equipment makes it possible to measure the hydrocarbon gases at the level of 10 -3-10 -2 μL- By applying this technique the carbon isotopes of C1-C3 of the adsorbed gas from the Triassic oil sand bed of the Aican-l Well in the Turpan-Hami basin were analysed. The δ13C values of C1-C3, are -55.1‰, -38.6‰ and -35.0‰ respectively. In terms of geochemical characteristics of natural gases and crude oils, in combination with basinal geological backgrounds, it is considered that the reservoir adsorbed gas was formed by crude-oil biodegradation, absorbed by reservoir rocks and its oil-gas source is related with the Permain (perhaps including the Carboniferous). The adsorbed gas is obviously different from the Jurassic coal-generated oil and gas.