丙烯酸改性聚醚破乳剂的合成及其性能研究

以酚胺树脂类聚氧丙烯聚氧乙烯醚（TA1031）和丙烯酸为原料,在酯化-聚合两步反应基础上,研究形成了一步法合成梳状高分子表面活性剂的新工艺。文章研究了反应的最佳条件,确定了最佳合成工艺,并对合成产物的破乳性能进行评价．评价表明,TA1031梳型破乳剂和AE8031梳型破乳剂对滨南101队原油、辛1站原油以及辛3站原油均表现出优良的破乳性能。其中TA1031梳型破乳剂在55℃、加量为100mg／L的实验条件下,对辛3站原油乳状液的最终脱水率可达658％,而单纯的TA1031在相同条件下脱水率仅为2．7％。     

聚硅氧烷—聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯原油破乳剂的应用研究

用乙氧基二甲基聚硅氧烷（ｅｔｈｏｘｙｄｉｍｅｔｈｙｌ－ｐｏｌｙｓｉｌｏｘａｎｅ）和聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚（ｐｌｏｙｏｘｙｅｔｈｙｌｅｎｅ－ｐｏｌｙｏｘｙｐｒｏｐｌｅｎｅ）为原料,合成了系列聚硅氧烷－聚氧乙烯原油破乳剂,并针对吉林油田的原油进行了破乳实验。实验结果表明,在聚硅氧烷链一定时,原油破乳率与聚醚对乙氧基聚硅氧烷中乙氧基的取代率有关,在聚醚链中引入聚氧丙烯链有利于提高破乳率,具有适当取代比和聚醚     

利用声化方法对复杂乳化原油的破乳脱水研究

从理论上分析了超声波和化学方法联合破乳的可行性 ,并用实验方法验证了联合破乳脱水的效果。实验结果显示 ,化学破乳剂和超声波联合作用可以进一步提高原油的破乳脱水效率。在破乳剂最优用量的实验条件下 ,对乳化原油进行超声处理 30min ,沉降 3h ,脱水率可以达到 90 %以上。模拟现场脱水流程条件 ,利用该方法对常规方法不能有效破乳的聚合物驱及化学驱出液掺混稠油形成的复杂乳状液进行了破乳脱水试验。结果表明 ,声化联合破乳具有较高的脱水效率。     

新型酚胺聚醚破乳剂的原油脱水研究

以酚胺树脂为起始剂，与环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷反应合成聚氧乙烯聚氧丙稀二嵌段共聚物，再经过无毒无污染的水溶性交联剂扩链制得一种低温快速破乳剂FA-1，并用于临盘井排原油破乳、室内评价表明，该破乳剂在35℃的低温条件下脱水率可达70％，即使在25mg／L的低加量时仍可达60％以上，而相同条件下油田现场所用破乳剂及其它对比试样基本无效、并通过表面张力和显微照片手段对破乳机理进行了探讨．     

利用声化方法对复杂乳化原油的破乳脱水研究

从理论上分析了超声波和化学方法联合破乳的可行性，并用实验方法验证了联合破乳脱水的效果。实验结果显示，化学破乳剂和超声波联合作用可以进一步提高原油的破乳脱水效率。在破乳剂最优用量的实验条件下，对乳化原油进行超声处理30min，沉降3h，脱水率可以达到90％以上。模拟现场脱水流程条件，利用该方法对常规方法不能有效破乳的聚合物驱及化学驱出液掺混稠油形成的复杂乳状液进行了破乳脱水试验。结果表明，声化联合破乳具有较高的脱水效率。     

新疆原油深度脱盐研究 Ⅰ.破乳剂分子结构对脱盐的影响

针对新疆原油的性质,在评选的基础上合成出一批酚醛树脂聚氧丙烯、聚氧乙烯醚破乳剂。研究了破乳剂分子结构变化对原油脱盐效率以及油-水界面张力的影响。结果表明:此破乳剂的分子量及亲水基、亲油基比例的变化均对破乳脱盐效果有很大的影响,且有一最佳值。对同一种原油,两个系列破乳刺脱盐效率最高点所对应的亲水-亲油平衡值(HLB)基本相同。随着破乳剂分子结构的变化,脱盐效率与界面张力具有相反的变化趋势。本文提出了此种破乳剂在油-水界面上的吸附状态模型,以便进一步解释实验结果。     

陕北原油破乳剂与添加剂复配研究

为了得到陕北原油的优良复配破乳剂，用该地区有代表性的宝塔区、安塞和子长原油，在实验条件下从该地区正在使用的商品破乳剂申筛选出四种．破乳脱水睦能较好的破乳刺．GT-940、YT-100、SP-169、HQ96-1。将这四种破乳剂与OP乳化剂、洗衣粉等添加剂按不同比例进行破乳剂-添加剂复配。发现只有GT-940与OP乳化剂和洗衣粉的复配破乳剂对宝塔区原油的破乳脱水性能得到改善。对宝塔区原油GT-940与OP乳化剂复配脱水率最高配比是4：1；GT-940和洗衣粉的复配物脱水率最高配比是2：3。     

胜利黄岛原油深度电脱盐的研究：Ⅰ.破乳剂组成的影响

根据胜利黄岛原油的性质，在筛选了几十种破乳剂的基础上，选择了酚醛树脂和环氧环烷，环氧乙烷的嵌段共聚物作破乳剂，探讨了破乳剂组成对原油脱水，脱盐以及界面张力的影响，通过静态脱盐，脱水试验，得到了适合黄岛原油的最佳破乳剂组成。     

原油破乳剂的研究

研究影响破乳剂复配破乳因素.通过正交试验和单因素试验,优化并给出了TA-1031与RI-01复配破乳的最佳工艺条件:破乳温度65 ℃,复配比例为2∶1,复配破乳剂质量浓度为80 mg*L-1,破乳时间90 min.在此工艺条件下,原油破乳脱水率达98.5%,比单剂效率提高14%～16%.     

酸化返排液/原油乳状液的破乳脱水研究

 酸化返排液与原油混合可形成稳定性强的乳状液,影响原油的脱水及原油沉降罐的安全运行.通过室内实验考察温度、破乳剂加量、pH 值及降黏剂加量对乳状液黏度和破乳效果的影响,并采用显微镜观察不同阶段乳状液微观形态变化.实验表明:酸化返排液与原油混合成的乳状液其黏度随温度升高先急剧下降,后平缓下降,在温度低于40℃时乳状液稳定性较强,温度50~60℃时,随着温度升高,乳状液脱水率上升幅度不大,综合选取破乳温度为50℃;添加破乳剂有利于降低乳状液黏度,但效果不明显,破乳剂加量越大,乳状液破乳效果越好,当破乳剂加量达到150 mg/L 后,随破乳剂用量加大,乳状液脱水率上升幅度不大,综合选取破乳剂加量为150 mg/L;调节酸化返排液pH 值至6.0～7.0 有利于乳状液破乳,pH 值越高,油水界面变得棱角分明,脱出水的原油结构更加紧密;加入降黏剂后,乳状液脱水速度明显加快.研究结论对指导油田酸化改造后,井口初期返出的乳状液实施破乳具有借鉴作用.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-