气动人工肌肉驱动关节PID位置控制

气动人工肌肉是一种由气压驱动的收缩型气动执行器,由气动人工肌肉驱动的人工关节具有重量轻、柔顺性好等特点.由于人工肌肉存在着明显的非线性、滞环大等缺点,对其位置控制有一定的难度,必须采取适当的控制策略才能得到较高的控制精度.本文介绍了一种以人工肌肉驱动关节为控制对象的位置控制系统,通过PID控制算法实现位置闭环控制.实验结果验证了控制策略的有效性,为气动人工肌肉驱动关节的应用打下基础.     

气缸位置模糊控制方法的研究

针对气动位置伺服系统的非线性特征,提出了一种基于模糊控制的气缸位置控制系统.系统以计算机和压力型电气比例阀为控制核心,采用了模糊控制算法来实现气缸位置控制.模糊控制器采用了位置偏差与位置偏差变化率双输入与控制量单输出的模型.实验研究表明,系统的位置控制精度可达到±0.25 mm.该系统可以实现对气缸位置的高精度控制.     

仿人手臂的变刚度调节与位置控制技术研究

提出了一种采用仿生结构及气动肌肉差压控制方式的机器人手臂,使关节具有了很好的柔顺性。通过理论分析和实验测试给出了一种易于实现的关节刚度比例调节方法。实验结果表明,采用此种刚度比例调节的关节可以有效跟踪方波信号和正弦波信号,控制精度达到了±0.6°,较好地解决了高柔顺关节位置控制精度差的问题。     

基于气动人工肌肉的混合位置跟踪控制

针对一种气动人工肌肉驱动的弹簧质量位置控制系统,设计了一个带有自适应模糊小脑模型（Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller,CMAC）在线逼近的离散趋近律滑模混合控制器.该混合控制器中离散趋近律滑模策略产生控制器的输出;自适应模糊CMAC用以逼近气动人工肌肉系统中的不确定项.CMAC网络权值的在线学习调整保证了自适应模糊CMAC的逼近性能.对离散抗饱和PID控制器（DASPID）与自适应模糊CMAC离散滑模混合控制器（HybridC）的位置跟踪控制性能进行了对比实验.实验结果表明,HybridC较之DASPID有更好的位置跟踪控制性能.当期望参考输入为正弦信号时,DASPID的最大位置跟踪误差为±15 mm;而HybridC的最大位置跟踪误差仅为±07 mm,平均位置跟踪误差大约仅为±02 mm.并且,离散滑模所固有的抖振现象得到了有效的抑制.     

基于PSO的气动人工肌肉驱动关节优化的研究

提出在气动人工肌肉驱动的关节系统中,存在一个最优关节设计,包括关节半径、肌肉附着点最优位置等,使得对同一系统输出转矩达到最优.通过分析气动人工肌肉静态特性模型,推导出关节静特性模型.改变气动人工肌肉的状态参数进行仿真,得到关节半径变化、肌肉附着点变化与关节输出转矩、收缩量之间的关系,并利用PSO计算出最优关节半径与肌肉附着点最优位置.此分析方法与结果对气动肌肉驱动的仿生手臂的结构设计起到有效的指导作用.     

3-PPSR柔性并联机器人力控制研究

针对3-PPSR并联机器人加入大长径比柔性铰链和与外界环境接触产生形变的问题,在控制端提出了基于位置阻抗控制的主动柔顺控制策略。该方法在柔性并联机器人与外界环境对象的等效作用模型和基于位置的阻抗控制模型基础上,引入外界环境作用力和结合系统的力跟踪模型,通过调整初始参考位置控制模型的稳态误差实现基于位置的外力跟踪控制。采用Lyapunov稳定模型和能量方程,在未知环境变量条件下通过力偏差直接控制目标位置的自适应控制系统实现自适应的力控制。实验结果表明,基于位置的外力控制精度可以达到±0.05N,应用自适应控制精度可以达到±0.1N,3-PPSR柔性并联机器人的末端的接触力控制精度得到了提高,满足设计要求,验证了该控制方法的准确性和有效性。     

气动人工肌肉系统控制性能的实验研究

采用变结构控制对单根气动人工肌肉系统进行了实验研究,分析了气动人工肌肉系统的控制特性。实验结果表明气动人工肌肉系统是强非线性、低刚度的控制系统。简单的变结构控制算法不能够实现单根气动人工肌肉较大范围和伸缩过程的控制要求。应根据控制需要,将变结构控制与智能控制方法相结合,以实现系统鲁棒性和高精度控制。为气动人工肌肉系统控制策略进一步的研究奠定了基础。     

气动人工肌肉的动态驱动特性研究

针对由气动人工肌肉、高速开关阀和PLC控制器等组成的气动系统,分析了气动人工肌肉系统动态收缩量的数学模型,描述了收缩量随着工作频率和气压的变化关系,将收缩量理论模型与实验值的误差控制在4%以内,为气动人工肌肉的定位控制提供了理论基础.考虑到气动人工肌肉在动态过程中存在内部橡胶材料阻尼和空气流体阻尼,在现有的驱动力数学模型上添加了阻尼力项,建立了阻尼力与工作气压、工作频率和人工肌肉结构参数的数学模型,将气动人工肌肉动态驱动力的误差从16%下降到2.7%.通过理论仿真和实验验证,证明了所建立的动态收缩量数学模型和所改进的动态驱动力数学模型的正确性.     

气动人工肌肉驱动球面并联机器人的位置控制研究

研究将气动人工肌肉驱动器应用于柔索驱动三自由度球面并联机器人机构,介绍了该机器人的运动学模型,提出一种简便的轨迹规划方法,在建立的实验测控系统中,应用含并联机器人的位置逆解和对气动人工肌肉的智能PID控制的位置控制算法,实现对机器人末端的位置控制,通过机器人的位置正解验证了位置控制的控制效果.     

气动位置伺服系统的离散模型

为提高气动位置伺服系统的控制精度,针对其离散模型,分别对时延数和噪声多项式进行研究.通过实验证明,采用噪声多项式C为一阶多项式,过程模型时延数为2的二阶的离散数学模型,可以准确地反映气动控制系统的模型结构和摩擦力及其他扰动因素的影响.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-