2003年秋冬季西安大气中有机碳和元素碳的理化特征及其来源解析

2003年9月至2004年2月在西安站点开展了大气PM2.5和PM10中碳气溶胶的连续观测,并采集了三类主要污染来源样品(燃煤,机动车尾气和生物质燃烧)进行对比分析,采用IMPROVE-TOR方法准确地测量了样品的有机碳(OC),元素碳(EC)及其中的8个碳组分含量.西安秋季和冬季大气PM2.5中OC的平均含量ρOC分别为(34.1±18.0),(61.9±33.2)μg·m-3,EC的平均含量ρEC为(11.3±6.9),(12.3±5.3)μg·m-3.OC和EC均主要赋存于PM2.5粒级中.秋季OC和EC的相关性好(R2＞0.90),冬季一般(R2=0.66).总碳气溶胶在秋季PM2.5中占(48.8±10.1)%,在冬季也达到了(45.9±7.5)%.所有观测日的ρOC/ρEC比值均大于2.0,秋季PM2.5中ρOC/ρEC平均为3.3,冬季为5.1,这可能主要与直接排放来源有关.由碳气溶胶的8个碳组分数据,采用绝对主分量分析获得了主要排放来源对总碳的贡献份额,即秋季汽油车尾气占73%,柴油车尾气占23%,生物质燃烧占4%,而冬季燃煤占了44%,汽油车尾气占44%,生物质燃烧占9%,柴油车占3%.     

中国东海近海气溶胶的陆源特征

源于中国西北部的亚洲沙尘暴频繁发生于春季,经长途传输到中国近海,对大气环境和海洋初级生产力可能产生显著影响.选取中国东海的小洋山岛于2008年春季采集研究了PM2.5和TSP共78个样品.结果表明,TSP和PM2.5的日平均质量浓度分别为133.6μg/m3和53.2μg/m3.陆源特征明显,观测到的海盐气溶胶和矿物气溶胶约占总质量浓度的6%和23%左右,陆地上人为活动排放的污染物对小洋山岛气溶胶的贡献率在70%以上,且在偏西风主导风向下,气溶胶质量和主要离子元素的平均浓度最高,这在一定程度上说明了陆源输送是春季东海近海大气气溶胶的主要来源.陆源气溶胶和海盐粒子发生混合作用使得SO42-,NO3-和NH4+等二次气溶胶离子主要分布在粗颗粒物中.氯亏损率和元素富集系数(EF)也表明陆地上大量的酸污染和Cr,Cu,Pb,Cd,As,Zn等污染元素进入到了东海上空,可能对近海生态系统发生重要影响.     

北京市夏季大气气溶胶 PM2.5和 PM10成分特征?

对北京市城区2012年夏季大气对气溶胶进行每日PM2.5和PM10石英膜采样,得到了可溶性离子质量浓度和16种元素的质量浓度,并结合气象观测值进行了分析.结果显示,采样期间,PM2.5质量浓度为9.58~210.42μg·m-3,平均值102.81μg·m-3;PM10质量浓度为33.75~288.33μg·m-3,平均值159.66μg·m-3.PM2.5和PM10质量浓度都与采样点能见度、风速呈负相关,与相对湿度呈正相关.质子荧光分析(PIXE)结果显示,S、K、Ca和Fe在PIXE可分析元素中含量较高,在PM2.5和PM10都占89%.且元素Ca、Ti、Sc、Cr、Fe主要存在于粗粒子(PM2.5~10)中,而元素S、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Pb主要存在于细粒子(PM2.5)中.富集因子分析表明,元素K、Ca、Ti、V、Mn、Ni主要为地壳来源,元素S、Cl、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Pb主要来自于人为源.SO2-4、NO-3、NH+43种可溶性离子总质量浓度占PM2.5浓度的43.5%,占PM10浓度的25.4%.     

万州城区PM_(2.5)中有机碳与元素碳污染特征

为了解重庆万州区PM2.5中碳质气溶胶的污染特征,于2012—2013年分4个季节采集了PM2.5样品,并分析了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的浓度。结果显示,在采样期间,万州区PM2.5中OC和EC的年平均质量浓度分别为29.72μg·m-3和8.42μg·m-3,OC和EC浓度之和达PM2.5的27.25%。OC浓度的季节变化趋势由高到低分别为冬季、秋季、春季和夏季,EC在冬季浓度最高,其他季节浓度变化不大。OC和EC在4个季节都有较好的相关性(r为0.67~0.84),其中,冬季相关性(r=0.84)最高,秋季相关性(r=0.67)最差,这与污染物来源复杂有关。应用OC/EC比值法对二次有机碳(SOC)进行估算,SOC年平均浓度为13.79μg·m-3,占OC含量的46.72%,冬季SOC的浓度远高于其他季节,冬季较高的OC排放及较低的大气扩散能力利于碳气溶胶中SOC的生成。     

北京市夏季大气不同粒径气溶胶中 碳质及质量重建研究

对北京市城区2012年夏季大气气溶胶进行PM2.5和PM10石英膜采样,利用热光反射法得到了有机碳(OC,organic carbon)和元素碳(EC,elemental carbon)的含量;应用Stelson方法,结合其质量浓度、元素含量可溶性离子含量对气溶胶质量浓度进行了质量重建与比对.日平均质量浓度结果显示,PM2.5中,OC浓度ρ(OC)为19.4μg·m-3,EC浓度ρ(EC)为3.8μg·m-3.PM10中,ρ(OC)为22.3μg·m-3,ρ(EC)为4.1μg·m-3.OC、EC相关性显著(PM2.5,R2=0.77;PM10,R2=0.91).PM10中有87%的OC和94%的EC集中在PM2.5中.PM2.5和PM10中OC/EC比值分别为5.1和5.7,明显大于2,说明存在二次有机碳.PM2.5和PM10重建值和称质量值相关性R2分别为0.95和0.94,重建值和称质量值比值分别为93%和97%.     

某铀尾矿库区夏季大气颗粒物污染特征研究

采集了某铀尾矿库区夏季大气颗粒物（TSP、PM2.5）,检测分析了颗粒物质量浓度及铀、重金属（Pb、Cd、Cu）含量,结果表明：TSP的质量浓度为53.9μg/m3,PM2.5的质量浓度为28.0μg/m3,TSP与PM2.5的质量浓度的相关系数R=0.832 2;TSP中铀的含量为0.078μg/m3,PM2.5中铀的含量为0.025 6μg/m3;TSP中Pb、Cd、Cu的含量分别为0.111 2μg/m3、0.014 9μg/m3、0.179 7μg/m3,PM2.5中Pb、Cd、Cu的含量分别为0.063 9μg/m3、0.007 4μg/m3、0.038 1μg/m3;TSP中重金属含量由高到低的顺序是Cu＞Pb＞Cd,PM2.5中重金属含量由高到低的顺序是Pb＞Cu＞Cd。     

南京北郊PM2.5中含碳物质和水溶性离子的污染特性

为了解南京市北郊四季细粒子中含碳组分与水溶性离子的污染特征及影响因素,于2012年8月~2013年6月期间在南京北郊采样点采集PM2.5样品。利用DRI Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪对有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)进行了测定。结果显示,PM2.5、OC、EC的质量浓度均是冬季最高、夏季最低,PM2.5的日平均值为122.7±75.2μg/m3,OC和EC的日平均值分别为(15.4±8.0)μg/m3和(3.6±1.8)μg/m3,含碳物质占PM2.5总质量的11%~40%。OC与EC在秋季和冬季有较好的相关性(r2分别为0.86和0.83),表明其来源相似;春季和夏季的相关性较低(r2分别为0.47和0.53),可能原因是有较多二次有机碳(SOC)生成致其来源复杂。利用EC示踪法对SOC的含量进行了估算,夏季SOC占OC的比例最高,达到了44.6%,可见高温与强烈的光照有利于SOC的形成。利用戴安离子色谱对PM2.5中的阴离子SO42-、NO3-、F-、Cl-、HCOO-、CH3COO-和C2O42-,阳离子Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+进行分析,结果表明,水溶性离子占PM2.5总质量的20%~60%,SO42-、NO3-、NH4+二次离子是南京市郊PM2.5中主要的无机离子。     

重庆三大城区夏季PM_(2.5)中有机碳和元素碳的污染特征

以重庆市渝北区、南岸区和渝中区3个主要城区为研究对象,采集夏季PM2.5样品,应用DRI Model 2001A热/光分析仪,采用IMPROVE-TOR方法测定了PM2.5中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)含量,并对3地的OC、EC污染特征进行了评价,探讨了PM2.5中含碳物质的来源。结果表明,南岸区OC、EC质量浓度分别为(5.8±1.5)、(2.5±0.8)μg·m-3,低于渝北区((8.9±3.2)、(4.2±1.6)μg·m-3))和渝中区((8.8±2.2)、(4.6±1.3)μg·m-3),与PM2.5质量浓度的分布一致,表明渝北区和渝中区的含碳污染物的排放可能较为严重。渝北区、南岸区和渝中区的OC与EC均显著正相关,表明三大城区OC和EC可能分别具有相似的一次污染源。排除降雨天和O3浓度较高的晴天,利用m(OC)/m(EC)比值法对渝北区、南岸区、渝中区二次有机碳(SOC)进行估算,SOC质量浓度分别为(2.0±1.8)、(1.0±0.7)、(2.3±2.0)μg·m-3,占OC比例均低于30%。渝中区SOC对OC的贡献率最高,这可能是因为该地区易于形成城市热岛效应,且热量和辐射效应更加明显,有助于SOC的生成。通过计算PM2.5中8个碳组分丰度,初步判断机动车尾气排放可能是三大城区碳质组分的主要来源。     

用自变量、因变量的双重筛选回归分析法研究气溶胶水溶离子的组成

在北京冬季气溶胶中,水溶物占TSP的9.6％,其中SO_4~(2-)4.1％,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)2.1％,NO_3~-1.1％,Cl~- 1.0％,NH_4~+ 0.6％,K~+ 0.3％,Na~+、F~-均为0.2％。在气溶胶的水溶物中,阴阳离子基本平衡。40组阴阳离子的当量浓度之比的平均值为1.26±0.25。用自变量、因变量双重筛选回归分析法计算了数据。结果表明,一种离子不只构成一种化合物,硫酸盐主要以钠盐、铵盐为主,钙、钾盐其次,硝酸盐主要以钾盐、铵盐存在,氯化物主要是钠、钙、钾盐,氟化物主要是钠、铵盐、其次是钾盐。分析双通道采样器的样品可知NH_4~+主要存在于<2.5μ的细粒子中,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Na~+,NH_4~+、K~+五种离子占<2.5μ的细粒子质量浓度的13.5％。     

宝鸡市城区空气细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染特征及源分析

目的研究宝鸡市城区PM2.5的污染特点及成因,为制定控制污染应对策略,改善空气质量提供参考依据。方法利用2013年1月至2014年8月宝鸡市城区7个空气自动监测子站24h对PM2.5的监测数据,结合宝鸡地形特点、同期气象数据以及对颗粒物源解析在线监测资料进行分析与讨论。结果分析结果表明,宝鸡市城区PM2.5及其它污染项目与各气象参数有关,总结了PM2.5时空分布特征,宝鸡市PM2.5的组成和来源随昼夜、季节而变,其主要组成为硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐、有机物、元素碳和土壤尘等化学成分,主要来源为燃煤、汽车尾气排放、扬尘、工业排放、二次气溶胶污染和周边输送等。结论分阶段经常性地分析宝鸡城区PM2.5污染现状与机理,提出治理建议和防控对策,为宝鸡市区空气污染控制提供参考依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.