区域气候模式和大气化学模式对中国地区气候变化和对流层臭氧分布的模拟

在区域气候模式的基础上引入了对流层大气化学模式，并实现两的双向反馈连接，利用该模式系统模拟中国地区对流层大气臭氧和区域气候，发现东亚季风是影响中国地区对流层大气臭氧分布的重要原因，并且对流层臭氧分布局域性较为明显。模拟也得到了模拟区域气候的四个典型月特征，并与分析资料对比验证了所得结果。此外利用大气化学模式计算的臭氧反馈到区域气候模型中，模拟对流层臭氧增加背景下。模拟区域内晴空辐射强迫的变化。     

气候嵌套模式的进展及双向嵌套模式对降水的模拟

区域气候模式发展的回顾表明区域气候模式在近20年来取得了长足的进步,将它与全球大气环流模式进行嵌套是研究区域气候变化的有效方法。单向嵌套是目前区域气候研究的主要手段,对区域气候的模拟和预测有明显的改进,加深了人们对区域气候变化的认识;双向嵌套能够体现不同尺度大气运动之间的相互作用,是区域气候变化研究的发展方向,尽管实现的难度很大,但模拟的结果明显优于单向嵌套。利用一个双向嵌套模式进行数值试验,结果表明它能够成功模拟我国南方的降水。     

地气耦合系统中下垫面气候效应的数值模拟

区域气候环境的变化，不仅受大尺度气候环境的影响，而且在一定程度上还取决于该区域下垫面状况的改变。本文利用一维十六层地气耦合模式研究了陆地下垫面特征变化对近地层气候的影响，分析了大气边界层垂直温度特征、地面温度变化特征以及地面能量平衡和转换特征、试验结果表明下垫面特征是影响区域气候的一个重要因子，其变化对边界层垂直温度结构、地面温度日变化以及地面能量平衡和转换机制具有重要的影响，进而改变一个地区的区域气候状况。     

东亚地区人为硫酸盐气溶胶辐射气候效应不同模拟方法的对比

 利用区域气候模式RegCM2与大气化学模式连接的模拟系统,研究了中国地区人为排放生成的硫酸盐气溶胶分布及其辐射气候效应,并与全球模式的结果进行了比较,同时对比了硫酸盐气溶胶辐射气候效应的在线、离线模拟方法所得结果差异的细致情况.通过以上工作表明:区域气候和大气化学耦合模式系统能在比大气环流模式更精细的尺度上获得硫酸盐分布规律和辐射气候效应;并且区域气候模式与大气化学模式的在线与离线连接方法得到的硫酸盐柱含量、有反馈和无反馈大气顶直接辐射强迫和地表温度响应在较小区域平均的尺度上存在较显著的差异,并且在全区域平均尺度上也不能被忽略;通过对气候响应的进一步分析发现:模拟结果显示了从硫酸盐含量到辐射强迫和地表温度响应逐渐加大的不确定性.     

MM5v3多种物理过程不同参数化方案的组合试验 --对东亚区域气候模拟

考虑区域气候模式中诸物理过程的多种参数化方案的相互影响，对MM5v3模式中3个物理过程设计了16组不同参数化方案的组合试验．用1997和1998年6～8月NCEP／NCAR再分析资料作了东亚的区域气候模拟．经检验、分析和比较各组合方案在东亚区域的模拟能力，发现MM5v3模式能适合对东亚地区的区域气候模拟；当用MM5V3作东亚区域气候模拟时，Kain-Fritsch积云参数化方案、OSU LSM陆面过程参数化方案与CCM2辐射参数化方案的组合更为合理．这些结果对于发展适合我国的新一代区域气候模式有一定的参考意义．     

土地利用/土地覆盖变化对区域气候影响的生物地球物理途径研究进展

本文从LUCC对气候影响的生物地球物理途径角度阐述其对气候系统的影响机制,并且结合多项研究结果归纳了诸如森林砍伐/造林活动、城市化、农业发展等人类LUCC活动在区域尺度的气候效应.气候模式是研究LUCC对区域气候及其变化最重要的试验工具之一,本文概括了气候模式经历了大气环流模式、区域气候模式、耦合的大气-陆面模式等一系列发展过程及其特点,提出利用遥感技术获取气候模式中的地面生物物理参数可以大幅提高模拟精度.最后,评论了目前LUCC气候效应研究中存在的问题,提出未来研究应着手降低区域气候模式模拟的不确定性,引入景观生态学理论与方法等可以更好地了解人类活动与气候变化的关系,进而制定适应气候变化的区域土地系统优化方案.     

中国沿海地区夏季风速时空变化特征和气候模式结果评估与预估分析

利用中国一般、基本和基准气象站近50年的观测风速资料,分析了近50年中国沿海地区夏季风速时空变化特征,检验评估了20个全球气候模式和3个区域气候模式模拟中国沿海地区夏季风速分布和变化特征的能力,预估了21世纪初期中国沿海地区夏季风速变化特征.研究发现,(1)近50年中国沿海地区观测夏季平均风速和极大风速均呈明显减小趋势变化,这种变化特征与近50年中国登陆台风频数变化有关.(2)全球气候模式和区域气候模式都能较好地模拟中国沿海地区夏季平均风速的分布状况,区域气候模式模拟能力略强于全球气候模式.(3)全球和区域气候模式都不能模拟出观测到的近50年来中国沿海地区夏季平均风速呈明显的减小趋势,部分模式能模拟出近50年来中国沿海地区夏季平均风速略呈减小趋势变化.(4)全球和区域气候模式一致预估在B1和A1B情景下,21世纪初期中国沿海地区夏季平均风速比20世纪小;全球气候模式预估A2情景下,21世纪初期中国沿海地区夏季平均风速比20世纪大.     

模拟区域气候变化的模式系统的建立及其效能检验

建立了一个富有特色的模拟区域气候变化的模式系统．该模式系统对模式中陡峭地形的处理方法进行了改进，并且在云量参数化方案中考虑了大气的动力学结构．其中大气模式与海洋模式和土壤模式简单耦合，和ＧＣＭ单向嵌套以反映大气环流背景对区域气候的影响．通过对模拟结果的比较和检验，发现区域模式对侧边界条件的依赖性很强，客观真实的侧边界条件是模式能够正确模拟区域气候要素的最重要的条件之一．模式分辨率的提高，中尺度强迫如地形高度和下垫面类型的细致刻划，都有利于气候要素场特别是边界层和地表气候状况模拟效果的改善．     

荒漠化扩展对我国区域气候变化影响的数值模拟

使用区域气候模式RegCM3研究了西北沙漠面积变化对我国区域气候变化的影响．共设计了3组试验：控制试验A、沙漠面积扩展试验B、在试验B基础上增大粗糙高度的试验C．分析表明：中国西北沙漠区扩展后对中国夏季降雨量和中国夏季风有明显影响．结果表明：植被退化、荒漠化加剧会导致季风减弱，降水量减少，增大地面粗糙高度后的影响更为显著．     

卫星实测臭氧总量资料在区域气候模拟中的应用研究

 将卫星观测的TOMS臭氧总量资料应用于区域气候模拟中,在不同纬度的地区采用随季节变化的臭氧总量.以中国地区为例,对比模拟了考虑臭氧随季节、纬度变化和模式原有的固定臭氧值对气候的不同影响.结果发现:对区域气候模式RegCM2而言,用于研究中国地区时,模式中的臭氧总量比实际状况偏大,利用实测臭氧资料后能产生负的晴空辐射强迫,并引起云量变化,导致地表温度变化.     

Role of sea surface temperature and soil-moisture feedback in the 1998 Oklahoma-Texas drought

The drought that affected the US states of Oklahoma and Texas in the summer of 1998 was strong and persistent, with soil moisture reaching levels comparable to those of the 1930s 'dust bowl'. Although other effects of the record-strength 1997-98 El Ni?o were successfully predicted over much of the United States, the Oklahoma-Texas drought was not. Whereas the response of the tropical atmosphere to strong anomalies in sea surface temperature is quite predictable, the response of the extratropical atmosphere is more variable. Here we present results from mechanistic experiments to clarify the origin and maintenance of this extratropical climate extreme. In addition to global atmospheric models, we use a regional model to isolate regional climate feedbacks. We conclude that during April and May 1998, sea surface temperature anomalies combined with a favourable atmospheric circulation to establish the drought. In June-August, the regional positive feedback associated with lower evaporation and precipitation contributed substantially to the maintenance of the drought. The drought ended in the autumn, when stronger large-scale weather systems were able to penetrate the region and overwhelm the soil-moisture feedback. Our results show the potential for numerical models including appropriate physical processes to make skillful predictions of regional climate.     

Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model

The continued increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide due to anthropogenic emissions is predicted to lead to significant changes in climate. About half of the current emissions are being absorbed by the ocean and by land ecosystems, but this absorption is sensitive to climate as well as to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, creating a feedback loop. General circulation models have generally excluded the feedback between climate and the biosphere, using static vegetation distributions and CO2 concentrations from simple carbon-cycle models that do not include climate change. Here we present results from a fully coupled, three-dimensional carbon-climate model, indicating that carbon-cycle feedbacks could significantly accelerate climate change over the twenty-first century. We find that under a 'business as usual' scenario, the terrestrial biosphere acts as an overall carbon sink until about 2050, but turns into a source thereafter. By 2100, the ocean uptake rate of 5 Gt C yr(-1) is balanced by the terrestrial carbon source, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations are 250 p.p.m.v. higher in our fully coupled simulation than in uncoupled carbon models, resulting in a global-mean warming of 5.5 K, as compared to 4 K without the carbon-cycle feedback.     

植被-气候关系遥感分析研究进展

对当前植被-气候关系遥感分析研究进行了总结.过去几十年内,全球不同尺度、区域和时间序列的植被变化对气候变化表现出了明显响应.植被的生长变化与气温和降水的变化密切相关.而大尺度上土地覆被类型的变化及植被覆盖的变化对局地及区域的气候产生重要的反馈作用.当前植被-气候关系研究的常用的遥感数据源较多,但也存在单一遥感数据源时间...     

Recognition of climatic effects of land use/land cover change under global warming

Greenhouse gas emissions and land use/land cover change (LUCC) are two human activities notably affecting climate change. Will temperature and precipitation increase significantly during global warming resulting in more pronounced LUCC climatic effects? Considering the interannual forcing of these two factors, the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4.0) was used in this study to investigate the importance of climatological background to LUCC impacts. Experiments based on the difference in the background climate, the greenhouse gas concentrations in 1850 and in the present age indicate contrary changes in climate sensitivity through estimations of the radiative forcing associated with LUCC, which are 0.54°C/(W/m²) and ?0.26°C/(W/m²), respectively. Therefore, the background climate appears to play an important role in the regional impact of LUCC, especially at higher latitudes. In addition, global warming predominantly influences snow-albedo feedback in the mid-latitudes, thus determining the impact of LUCC, whereas the regional difference in precipitation caused by global warming is responsible for the differing climate response to LUCC in the tropics and subtropics.     

Quantification of modelling uncertainties in a large ensemble of climate change simulations

Comprehensive global climate models are the only tools that account for the complex set of processes which will determine future climate change at both a global and regional level. Planners are typically faced with a wide range of predicted changes from different models of unknown relative quality, owing to large but unquantified uncertainties in the modelling process. Here we report a systematic attempt to determine the range of climate changes consistent with these uncertainties, based on a 53-member ensemble of model versions constructed by varying model parameters. We estimate a probability density function for the sensitivity of climate to a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and obtain a 5-95 per cent probability range of 2.4-5.4 degrees C. Our probability density function is constrained by objective estimates of the relative reliability of different model versions, the choice of model parameters that are varied and their uncertainty ranges, specified on the basis of expert advice. Our ensemble produces a range of regional changes much wider than indicated by traditional methods based on scaling the response patterns of an individual simulation.     

短期区域气候预测系统及回报试验

为了提高短期区域气候预测准确率,针对我国大陆区域及周边海域,通过国家气候中心全球海气耦合模式嵌套一个区域大气-海洋耦合模式,建立了一套短期区域气候预测系统。利用该预测系统对2006-2011年逐年7月的气候特征进行了回报试验,对比分析了区域模式相对于全球模式预测高空形势场的差异,评估了预测系统对地面温度和降水的预测能力。试验表明:同化后,初估场质量显著提高;区域模式在预测高空形势场方面优于全球模式;相对于单独的大气模式,海气耦合模式在预测中低空的温度和湿度方面有一定的改善;系统对地面气温和降水均具有一定的预报能力,其中降水预测稍好。     

Respondence and feedback of modern sand deserts to climate change--A case study in Gurbantunggut Desert

The research on the respondence and feedback of modern sand deserts to the climate change is an important component part in the studies on the global climate change. Deserts respond to the climate change, meanwhile, they affect the climate with their feedback of peculiar environment during the respondence. Many researches on desert climate have been carried out at home and abroad. However, there is little research on the respondence and feedback of modern fixed, semi-fixed and mobile deserts in arid areas to the climate change, in which the factor analysis as well as the parameter changing effects is especially the difficult problem all along. In this note, the parameters of the respondence and feedback of Gurbantunggut Desert to the climate change are measured and analyzed, some variable parameters of water-heat exchange are obtained, and a numerical model of desertification is developed according to a series of climate change of about 40 years and the variable relations of meteorological and physical features of the sand surface in Gurbantunggut Desert.