衡水湖鱼类资源现状及其保护利用与发展

对衡水湖鱼类的种群组成现状进行了调查:有鱼类27种,隶属于7目13科26属.自然鱼类以鲤科鱼类为主,鲫鱼、麦穗鱼为优势种,符合江河平原区、河海亚区的特点.但以小型的杂鱼为主.另外,还包括一部分人工养殖的经济鱼类.针对鸟类自然保护区的需要,对该湿地的鱼类资源保护、利用与发展提出了一些可行性意见和建议.     

Fishing elevates variability in the abundance of exploited species

The separation of the effects of environmental variability from the impacts of fishing has been elusive, but is essential for sound fisheries management. We distinguish environmental effects from fishing effects by comparing the temporal variability of exploited versus unexploited fish stocks living in the same environments. Using the unique suite of 50-year-long larval fish surveys from the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations we analyse fishing as a treatment effect in a long-term ecological experiment. Here we present evidence from the marine environment that exploited species exhibit higher temporal variability in abundance than unexploited species. This remains true after accounting for life-history effects, abundance, ecological traits and phylogeny. The increased variability of exploited populations is probably caused by fishery-induced truncation of the age structure, which reduces the capacity of populations to buffer environmental events. Therefore, to avoid collapse, fisheries must be managed not only to sustain the total viable biomass but also to prevent the significant truncation of age structure. The double jeopardy of fishing to potentially deplete stock sizes and, more immediately, to amplify the peaks and valleys of population variability, calls for a precautionary management approach.     

水质污染对京杭大运河(常州市段)鱼类资源的影响

1984—1985年,我们对京杭大运河(常州市段)鱼类资源做了调查研究,发现该段运河水质污染严重,对鱼类资源影响极大,概括起来主要有如下几方面:1、鱼的种类变少,先后只采到27种,仅占太湖流域的鱼类种数26、73％;2、鱼的个体数量变少,在两年里总共只采到354尾标本,平均每个点每次只采到4、8尾,已不能成为渔业捕捞对象,资源已被破坏殆尽;3、除个别耐污染的种类外,都不能长期生存下去,多是一些个体小的的低龄鱼;4、很多个体不仅体色变深,而且在形态上也出现各种畸形现象。因此必须引起各方面的注意,迅速采取各种有效措施,使这一具有历史意义的大运河仍能保持一个良好的生态环境,尽快恢复该段运河内的鱼类资源。     

东海区海洋渔业资源近况浅析

根据2002～2004年东海区渔业资源监测调查资料、主要捕捞鱼种的生物学资料和中国渔业统计年鉴,对东海区近3 a季节间的资源密度、渔业生物学性状以及历年来的渔获群落结构组成、单位捕捞力量渔获量动态比较,分析东海区海洋渔业资源近况.结果表明:虽然近几年东海区海洋渔业捕捞产量维持在历史高水平,但主要是依赖于超高的捕捞力量、实施伏季休渔制度使群体资源得到暂时的养护等措施.主要经济鱼种的亲鱼量年间变化不大且处于相对缺乏的状态,渔获物小型化、利用资源主体以当龄鱼为主、单位捕捞力量渔获量下降等过度捕捞现象十分明显,资源基础相当脆弱,渔业资源衰退之势仍在加剧.秋季调查资源密度的年间波动取决于补充量水平,其水平的高低与环境因子密切相关.     

渔业资源的评估方法和模型研究进展

渔业资源评估模型主要有产量模型(production models)、Delay-difference模型、消耗模型(depletion models)和年龄结构模型(age-structured models)。产量模型在渔业资源评估中应用很广泛,但不能精确反映统计误差;Delay-difference模型增加了生物参数、并考虑生物过程中的时间延迟,它是扩充了的产量模型,但当可获得的数据不足时,不能精确估算模型中的参数,甚至可能产生错误的估算值;此时,消耗模型相对于Delay-difference模型是有效的,该模型研究渔获量如何影响残存鱼的相对丰度;年龄结构模型能更好地显示种群的动态变化,能为配置合理的捕捞强度提供科学的依据,但需要很多数据,尤其要求精确的渔获物年龄数据。我国渔业资源的评估多采用产量模型和年龄结构模型,对于Delay-difference模型和消耗模型的应用甚为少见。     

斗篷山自然保护区鱼类资源初步调查

1991年至 1999年间共 4次考察斗篷山区鱼类 ,共采集标本 5 0 0余号 ,鉴定为 32种 ,分别隶属于 4目 9科30属。有 3种鱼类是首次在贵州的长江水系发现 ,即大鳍间吸鳅、越鲶、褐栉虾虎鱼。这 32种占贵州省鱼类总种数的 15 6 %。鲤科鱼类所占比例最大 ,有 18种 ,占斗篷山区鱼类总数的 5 6 2 5 % ;另 14种占 43 75 % ,其中鳅科 3种 ,平鳍鳅科 4种 ,科 2种、科、鲇科、合鳃鱼科、虾虎鱼科、鳢科各一种。该地区鱼类种类资源较丰富 ,但数量却在下降 ,主要原因是采取毒鱼和电鱼等不良捕捞方法导致的     

鲐、鲹幼鱼发生量调查报告

根据１９８７—１９９３年鲐、鲹幼鱼发生量调查，分析研究鲐、鲹鱼的资源变动趋势，并为进一步开发利用鲐、鲹鱼资源提供科学依据。调查表明，在海况正常的年景、幼鱼发生量指数（密度指数）与上层鱼渔获量呈正相关，可作为预测资源丰欠和夏秋汛渔情预报的一个主要指标。     

冰鲜杂鱼与颗粒饲料对斜带石斑鱼的对比饲养效果

选择冰鲜杂鱼和2个市场反映较好的石斑鱼配合饲料产品,分别对斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)进行饲喂效果实验,通过生长性能、体成分、群体离散度以及养殖成本分析,评价冰鲜杂鱼和配合颗粒饲料在斜带石斑鱼养殖效果上的优劣.同一批培育的斜带石斑鱼幼鱼,随机分成3组(冰鲜杂鱼组、石斑鱼颗粒饲料1组和石斑鱼颗粒...     

具有跨区域的渔业资源的离散动力学模型分析

假设渔洋渔业资源分属于3个区域,每个区域各有一个船队进行捕获,利用两个时间刻度的存在性,鱼在3个区域内的游动比资源增长速度快,渔船的移动速度比船只数目变化快.在快的时间刻度下,全部渔业资源和船只的数目保持不变,在此条件下构造的一个渔业资源储量一捕捞力度离散动力学模型,用聚合方法得到一个简化的动力系统,从而定量分析正不动点的存在性、稳定性和局部分叉.最后,用全局分析方法来描述资源在什么范围可持续利用.     

An extant cichlid fish radiation emerged in an extinct Pleistocene lake

The haplochromine cichlid fish of the East African Great Lakes represent some of the fastest and most species-rich adaptive radiations known, but rivers in most of Africa accommodate only a few morphologically similar species of haplochromine cichlid fish. This has been explained by the wealth of ecological opportunity in large lakes compared with rivers. It is therefore surprising that the rivers of southern Africa harbour many, ecologically diverse haplochromines. Here we present genetic, morphological and biogeographical evidence suggesting that these riverine cichlids are products of a recent adaptive radiation in a large lake that dried up in the Holocene. Haplochromine species richness peaks steeply in an area for which geological data reveal the historical existence of Lake palaeo-Makgadikgadi. The centre of this extinct lake is now a saltpan north of the Kalahari Desert, but it once hosted a rapidly evolving fish species radiation, comparable in morphological diversity to that in the extant African Great Lakes. Importantly, this lake seeded all major river systems of southern Africa with ecologically diverse cichlids. This discovery reveals how local evolutionary processes operating during a short window of ecological opportunity can have a major and lasting effect on biodiversity on a continental scale.     

双棘黄姑鱼人工繁育群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用22个随机引物对双棘黄姑鱼人工繁育群体的遗传多样性水平进行随机扩增多态DNA（RAPD）分析，共检测出248个位点，其中有104个多态位点，平均多态位点百分率P为41．9％；其个体间的平均遗传距离L为0．0657，平均相似系数S为0．9343，Shannon遗传多样性指数H0为0．2829．通过与其他一些鱼类的RAPD研究结果进行对比，对双棘黄姑鱼人工繁育群体的遗传多样性水平进行了分析评估,文中同时就人工繁育及鱼类种质资源的可持续利用问题进行了初步讨论．     

A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan

The relationship of limbed vertebrates (tetrapods) to lobe-finned fish (sarcopterygians) is well established, but the origin of major tetrapod features has remained obscure for lack of fossils that document the sequence of evolutionary changes. Here we report the discovery of a well-preserved species of fossil sarcopterygian fish from the Late Devonian of Arctic Canada that represents an intermediate between fish with fins and tetrapods with limbs, and provides unique insights into how and in what order important tetrapod characters arose. Although the body scales, fin rays, lower jaw and palate are comparable to those in more primitive sarcopterygians, the new species also has a shortened skull roof, a modified ear region, a mobile neck, a functional wrist joint, and other features that presage tetrapod conditions. The morphological features and geological setting of this new animal are suggestive of life in shallow-water, marginal and subaerial habitats.     

南海北部大陆架海洋生态系统Ecosim模型的动态模拟

为了确定最佳的渔业政策,采用EwE 5.1软件,对南海北部大陆架海洋生态系统构建了1987-1998年Ecosim(时间动态)模型。Ecosim模型包含了32个功能组,初始参数来源于20世纪80年代末期静态平衡的Ecopath模型。通过营养关系,分析了渔业捕捞对主要经济鱼类的动态影响。结果显示1998年系统总输出、总生物量都有不同程度的增加,而总捕捞量则有所降低;强化的捕捞压力导致了低值小型鱼类被捕食压力的间接缓解,大中型高价值鱼类的生物量发生明显下降;说明了生态系统呈现出逆向发育的主要原因在于过度捕捞所产生的从上而下(top-down)的控制作用。     

Fisheries: deep-sea fishes qualify as endangered

Criteria from the World Conservation Union (IUCN) have been used to classify marine fish species as endangered since 1996, but deep-sea fish have not so far been evaluated--despite their vulnerability to aggressive deepwater fishing as a result of certain life-history traits. Here we use research-survey data to show that five species of deep-sea fish have declined over a 17-year period in the Canadian waters of the northwest Atlantic to such an extent that they meet the IUCN criteria for being critically endangered. Our results indicate that urgent action is needed for the sustainable management of deep-sea fisheries.     

信江上游鱼类资源及物种多样性分析

2016年6月底～2019年7月中旬,对信江上游及其支流的鱼类资源进行了系统地调查.共采集到野生淡水鱼类66种,隶属于5目16科50属,其中以鲤形目鱼类种类最多,共计3科34属45种,占总采集种类数的68.2％;科级水平以鲤科占优势,共有39种,占总种类数的59.1％;鳅科和鲿科各5种,分别占7.6％;鮨科、塘鳢科、虾...     

大瑶山国家级自然保护区鱼类群落研究

2008年7月-2009年9月对大瑶山自然保护区进行鱼类调查,结果发现大瑶山有鱼类37种,隶属4目13科31属,鲤科鱼类是最大类群,优势种为瑶山鲤(Yaoshanicus arcus)、横纹南鳅(Schistura fasciolata)和溪吻鰕虎鱼(Rhinogobius duospilus).主要为山区溪流性小型鱼类,以杂食性和底栖鱼类为主,底栖鱼类占总数的64.86%.杂食性占43.24%,植物食性占16.21%,动物食性占21.62%,碎屑食性占18.92%.生境丧失和过度捕捞是造成鱼类多样性下降主要原因,提出了保护鱼类资源的建议.     

广西沿岸鲅科鱼类初探

鲅科鱼类是广西沿海主要经济鱼类之一,在一年的广西海岸带鱼类调查中,仅出现两个种,但在渔获量中占有相当的比例。鲅科鱼类在广西沿海的分布相对集中,且季节性较强。在本海区内没有明显的产卵场,以索饵洄游群体为主。     

淇河鲫表层头骨构造描述性研究

鱼类骨骼遗传性状稳定,是鱼类重要的形态学结构,而形态结构对功能的适应是鉴定物种最基本、最原始的方法之一.淇河鲫作为河南省甚至全国范围内的优质鱼种,已成为近年来的研究热点,但淇河鲫头部骨骼具体组成情况却无系统性的描述和比较研究.本文是将引进自原种场,饲养于河南师范大学水产养殖基地的纯种淇河鲫进行了比较解剖,采用冷浸法制备了淇河鲫头部骨骼标本,观察并系统地描述了淇河鲫头部表层的头骨构造,结果为淇河鲫品质种鉴定、发育方式、生活史变迁和遗传多样性以及其食性与功能适应性、种质资源和生活环境的保护等多方面的研究补充了研究资料,也为今后研究其他水生动物骨骼发育研究提供了参考依据.     

Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies

Global production of farmed fish and shellfish has more than doubled in the past 15 years. Many people believe that such growth relieves pressure on ocean fisheries, but the opposite is true for some types of aquaculture. Farming carnivorous species requires large inputs of wild fish for feed. Some aquaculture systems also reduce wild fish supplies through habitat modification, wild seedstock collection and other ecological impacts. On balance, global aquaculture production still adds to world fish supplies; however, if the growing aquaculture industry is to sustain its contribution to world fish supplies, it must reduce wild fish inputs in feed and adopt more ecologically sound management practices.     

舟山海域鱼类名录新考

根据2000年4月至2005年4月,作者在舟山各地采集的大量鱼类标本,结合对舟山市各标本馆、所、室等现有舟山鱼类标本的复查,以及核对有关文献资料,确认舟山海域鱼类的种数共为467种,分别隶属于2纲35目158科,其中6种为近年国内外引进种.本文所列出鱼类名录,将为研究舟山海域鱼类形态、分类、生态、物种多样性、鱼类资源保护及合理开发利用提供科学的基础资料.