滇池西白沙小流域沉积物重金属污染及来源研究

以滇池西白沙小流域为研究对象,研究沉积物中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr的污染状况和来源,结果表明:0~31 cm沉积柱对应沉积年代为1881-2011年,平均沉积速率约为0.20 cm/a.总体来说20世纪60年代之前各重金属在沉积物中的含量较低且较稳定,之后呈现上升趋势.随时间推移,越接近沉积物表层重金属环境风险越大.潜在生态危害指数法评价显示,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr单一元素危害程度分别为:中等危害、中等危害、轻微危害、极强危害和轻微危害,危害指数RI整体表现为上升趋势,生态风险主要来自Cd元素.从不同重金属非稳定态含量来看,各重金属对环境产生生态危害风险大小顺序为CdZnCuCrPb.小流域沉积物中Pb与Cu、Zn与Cr在0.05水平达到显著相关,相关系数分别为0.45和0.38.提取重金属污染来源的三个主成分,结合西白沙小流域所处的云南地区工矿业发展情况分析,该区域重金属污染主要来源为:钢铁化工废水排放贡献率为27.06%,矿业开采加工和交通运输降尘的贡献率为25.03%,矿业开采加工废水的贡献率为21.94%,其他来源占25.97%.     

湖北省天鹅洲沉积物中色素记录的环境意义

湖泊沉积物中色素的含量、种类以及相应的参数是研究湖泊初始生产力和湖泊环境的有效手段之一.通过对天鹅洲沉积物中几种色素指标的综合分析,初步探讨了天鹅洲的环境演化历程.结果表明,天鹅洲故道在形成后近50年来,仍属于较新的环境,浮游植物的多样性有增加的趋势,水质属中富营养型.     

近50年来安徽杭埠河上游地球化学沉积与区域环境变化

2003年在安徽杭埠河上游的龙河口水库采得的沉积物ALE柱样及上游三条主要河流的流域表层样品,在利用SCP记录确定沉积年份的基础上,对其粒度、有机碳、氮、磷含量等气候代用指标进行了分析.研究发现晓天河流域样品有机碳、氮含量最高,柱样中各元素含量随深度增加缓慢变小,但在50 cm深度有明显峰值出现.同时对近50年以来沉积物中粒度变化、碳-氮和氮-磷耦合关系进行了讨论,推断其物质来源以河流携带陆源植物输入为主,其含量变化受物质来源、本身生物化学作用、气候变化、人类活动等影响,并进一步揭示该区域环境变化的不同阶段,发现降雨和人类活动是影响本流域沉积的主要因素.     

海南东寨港红树林表层沉积物元素特征及地球化学意义

对海南岛东寨港自然保护区红树林沉积物常量元素及微量元素含量特征进行了分析,采用因子分析进行元素组合特征研究,结果表明:研究区沉积物常量元素平均含量具有AlFeNaKMgCaP的特征,K和P元素含量波动性较大,可能与保护区周边养猪场以及以虾、鸭为代表的养殖业及周边农业活动有关;重金属平均含量值都在国家标准之内,整体环境质量良好,但重金属Cr和Ni元素样品有超标现象,可能存在点源污染物的输入;相关性分析表明,Al与As、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mo、Na、Ni、Pb、Sr、V、Zn之间呈现强正相关关系,Fe与Co、Mn、Ni之间具有强正相关性,Pb与Zn正相关性较好,Ca与Sr相关性显著.因子分析结果表明研究区沉积物的物质来源主要是细粒陆源碎屑沉积组分与海洋碳酸盐生物介壳碎屑物质及其他生物,其中细粒陆源碎屑沉积组分占主导地位.     

南极雪冰中记录的20世纪Pb污染事件及原因初探

Pb是一种有毒的重金属元素,已经广泛出现于环境中并在许多地区造成了污染.通过分析雪冰中Pb的浓度变化可以反应人类活动造成Pb污染的历史和规模.通过分析南极3个不同地点雪冰中记录的Pb在20世纪的浓度变化情况,发现南极雪冰中记录的20世纪Pb污染主要发生在20世纪初和1960～1980年.20世纪初南极不同地点Pb浓度比前一阶段增加了3.5～7倍,1960～1980也比前一阶段增加了3～7倍.     

瓯江流域沉积物重金属污染分布特征、污染程度和来源分析

对浙南瓯江流域表层沉积物进行了粒度、分粒级提取和重金属元素含量分析，并结合富集因子和地质累积指数研究该流域重金属污染特征和影响因素。结果显示：(1)根据粒度特征，瓯江流域可分为河流段、感潮河段上游、感潮河段下游三段，每段沉积物的物质组成和重金属含量具有显著差异；(2)瓯江上游河流段大多数地区沉积物中重金属元素含量低于或接近背景值，主要来源于自然风化过程；(3)瓯江下游河段存在轻度-中度水平的Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn污染，与温州地区高强度的经济活动和产业类型有关；(4)瓯江流域重金属含量受到“粒度效应”影响，细颗粒沉积物中元素含量较高，泥沙运移、沉积物来源等对重金属含量具有一定影响。     

福建省重要江河沉积环境硫化物状况调查

根据2009—2010年闽江、富屯溪、建溪及九龙江等福建省重要江河沉积物调查数据,对这些水域沉积环境的硫化物、有机碳及重金属等进行了研究。结果表明,各流域硫化物含量在0.9347~3.9088μmol·g-1之间,有机碳含量在0.86%~2.48%之间,两者高值区域主要集中在汀江、九龙江,基本反映了沿岸人类活动的强度。沉积物重金属含量基本呈现出CuPbAsCdHg的趋势,Cu和Pb是主要污染重金属,但Pb和Cd对水生生物产生毒性的潜力较高;SEM含量在0.44~2.99μmol·g-1之间,高值站位出现在汀江流域,可能与汀江上中游存在的大规模矿山开采有关。各流域SEM/AVS(摩尔比值)均小于1,沉积物中AVS含量足以有效固定其中的重金属,重金属潜在生态危害风险较小。     

2007-2009年浙江省嵊泗赤潮监控区表层沉积物和紫贻贝重金属含量分析

研究了2007-2009年浙江省嵊泗赤潮监控区表层沉积物和紫贻贝重金属Hg、As、Cu、Pb和Cd含量。结果表明：嵊泗赤潮监控区表层沉积物质量良好,符合一类沉积物质量标准。Cu和Pb的含量明显高于其它3种重金属元素,其次是As〉Cd〉Hg;污染指数大小排序为Cu〉As,Pb〉Cd〉Hg,沉积物将有可能受到Cu的污染,应引起重视。紫贻贝重金属含量大小为Cu〉Cd〉Pb,As〉Hg,Cu、Pb和Cd含量有升高趋势,Pb和Cd的污染指数较高,紫贻贝已受到Pb和Cd的污染。     

茅洲河流域表层沉积物重金属生态风险评价

为全面了解茅洲河底泥沉积物中重金属污染特征及其生态风险程度,在茅洲干流和支流中共采集34个底泥样品,测试分析As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn等7种重金属元素含量,并对其污染来源及生态风险进行讨论.研究结果表明,茅洲河流域表层沉积物中重金属元素Pb,Cd,Cr,Cu,Zn,Ni含量较高,均值均超过中国湖泊底泥中重金属平均含量值,其中Cr,Cu,Zn和Ni超过国家海洋沉积物Ⅲ类标准值.7种重金属元素的地积累指数从大到小依次为Cu,Ni~Zn~Cd~Cr,Pb,As,污染负荷指数从大小到依次为Cu,Ni~Zn,Cd~Cr,Pb,As,潜在生态风险指数从大到小依次为Cd~Cu,Ni,Cr~Zn,As~Pb,这说明沉积物主要受到Cu,Zn,Ni,Cd和Cr的污染.     

铅锌矿区环境中重金属含量及其分布特征

利用FAAS分析技术,分析了水体、沉积物、土壤等3种不同环境介质中Cd,Cu,Mn,Pb,Zn5种重金属的含量及其分布特征。研究结果表明,不同重金属元素的含量相差较大,各元素在不同采样点表现出浓度变化较大等特点。3种介质中,沉积物中重金属含量最高,其最大值达到3.5016×104mg/kg;5种重金属中,Pb和Zn浓度最高,占到各采样点重金属总浓度的80%。水体、沉积物、土壤中重金属元素的组成及其分布规律的相似性表明了其来源的一致性,也说明矿山开采和冶炼对于其周边环境介质存在严重影响,如若处理不当会造成严重的污染问题,从而威胁人类的生存和发展。     

Analysis on river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yantze River

The sediment load and river sedimentation of the upper reaches of Yangtze River has been undergoing constant changes as complex landform, large mountain area and plentiful precipitation make the drainage area of Yangtze River very vulnerable to water erosion and gravity erosion. Through analyzing the hydrological and sediment load statistics recorded by major hydrological stations along Yangtze River since 1950s, and editing the accumulation graph of annual runoff volume and annual sediment load, we find out that the suspended-sediment of Yangtze river has been decreasing year by year in Wulong Hydrological Station on Wujiang River. Beibei Hydrological Station on Jialingjiang River, Lijiawan Hydrological Station on Tuojiang River and Gaochang Hydrological Station on Minjiang River, Yichang Hydrological Station, Cuntan Hydrological Station along Yangtze River mainstream share the same experience too. But the statistics obtained at Pingshan Hydrological Station on Jinshajiang River shows the sediment load there has increased. Taking ecological construction, hydraulic engineering construction and precipitation changes into consideration, the thesis analyses the causes for the sediment load decrease of Jialingjiang River, Tuojiang River, Minjiang River and Wujiang River and provides us both scientific foundation for further study of river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yangtze River, and measures to control river sedimentation. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50099620) Biography: ZHONG Xiang-hao (1942-), male, researcher, research direction: mountain environment and ecology.     

Geochemical records in the subaqueous Yangtze River delta and their responses to human activities in the past 60 years

Based on studies of the geochemical elements of core sediments collected from the subaqueous Yangtze River delta front, combined with 210Pb and 137Cs nuclide dating, element recording profiles were set up and anthropogenic impacts on the sedimentary records were considered. The results suggest that (1) The core formed since 1945, of homogeneous clay and silt sediments. (2) The content of most elements underwent little change, but the content of S and Nb increased gradually. In particular concentrations of these elements and heavy metals increased rapidly and were maintained at high levels in the surface and sub-surface layers (i.e. since the 1990s). The elements S, As and Nb and principal factor 4 (F4), which were sensitive to anthropogenic impacts, could be used as indicators of human activities. (3) The value of each indicator has increased gradually since 1945, with a sharp increase over the last 20 years. When divided according to changing values of the indicators at 185 cm (1955), 97 cm (1978), 47 cm (1992), and 7 cm (2003), five periods of the geochemical elements records were obtained. These corresponded to the ages of from the Chinese Civil War to the early stages of planned economy, the implementation of planned economy, the reform and opening-up period, the market economy establishment phase and the environment control and protection stage after 2003, respectively.     

Dating recent lake sediments using spheroidal carbonaceous particle （SCP）

Dating lake sediment using sedimentary event is the supplement and calibration to traditional dating by radionuclide such as ^210Pb and ^137Cs. Based on the change of spheroidal carbonaceous particle (SCP) concentration, the age sequence of lake sediments can be deduced. It is one of the dating methods using sedimentary event. SCP is formed from combustion of fossil fuel at high temperature up to1750℃ and at a rate of heating of approaching 104℃/s. It can be dispersed to several hundred kilometers away from its source and deposited with precipitation or dryly deposited, and kept in sediments. Compared with Cs or Pb, there is no evidence for SCP that it decays in lake sediments and is unremovable once stored except by physical disturbance because it is mainly composed of element carbon. Handy method to extract, identify and calculate has been developed. Although fossil fuel has been used early in China, combustion at high temperature started later since emergence of electricity generation. The productivity of SCP is positively related with the generated thermal power, which is reflected as the SCP concentration in lake sediments increases with the increase of generated thermal power. Therefore, reliable sediment markers from the start of the SCP record and the remarkable variation can be used for dating purpose. In China, electricity industry started from the 1950s, and rapid increase of generated power took place since 1978. Based on these time markers, SCP time sequences of lake sediment cores LH and LL-4 from Longgan Lake, the middle reach of the Yangtze River, have been established, which is comparable with the results from ^137Cs and ^210pb, and has eliminated the errors of dating using ^137Cs and ^210pb.     

Analysis on River Sediment Changes of the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River

The sediment load and river sedimentation of the upper reaches of Yangtze River has been undergoing constant changes as complex landformlarge mountain area and plentiful precipitation make the drainage area of Yangtze River very vulnerable to water erosion and gravity erosion. Through analyzing the hydrological and sediment load statistics recorded by major hydrological stations along Yangtze River since 1950s, and editing the accumulation graph of annual runoff volume and annual sediment load, we find out that the suspended-sediment of Yangtze river has been decreasing year by year in Wulong Hydrological Station on Wujiang River, Beibei Hydrological Station on Jialingjiang River, Lijiawan Hydrological Station on Tuojiang River and Gaochang Hydrological Station on Minjiang River, Yichang Hydrological Station, Cuntan Hydrological Station along Yangtze River mainstream share the same experience too. But the statistics obtained at Pingshan Hydrological Station on Jinshajiang River shows the sediment load there has increased. Taking ecological construction, hydraulic engineering construction and precipitation changes into consideration, the thesis analyses the cauls for the sediment load decrease of Jialingjiang River, Tuojiang River, Minjiang River and Wujiang River and provides us both scientific foundation for further study of river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yangtze River, and measures to control river sedimentation.     

Reconstruction of flood events over the last 150 years in the lower reaches of the Changjiang River

The reconstruction of paleofloods in the Holocene has become one research highlight for the present global change study. The core sediments from one newly-emerged bar in the lower Changjiang River (Yangtze River) mainstream were collected for grain size and organic elemental measurements, with aim to reconstruct the flood events over the past 150 years. Major grain size parameters such as mean grain size, probability cumulative curve and C-M diagram of the core sediments clearly indicate the flood event deposition. Furthermore, the TOC/TN ratios in the sediments can indicate flood events considering that during the flash floods, strong surface erosion in the upper and lower reaches of the Changjiang River can transport a large amount of undecomposed plant debris and organic components with relatively low C/N ratios into the lower mainstream. Based on 210Pb dating and sedimentary geochemical results, the research profile recorded several large floods happened from 1850 to 1954, which agrees well with the historical documents and hydrological observations. Interesting to note that the flood events since the 1960s cannot be distinctly recognized on the basis of sediment grain size and organic elemental compositions of the profile, which mainly reflects the intensive human activities over the last fifty years, especially condense dam construction, have significantly changed the characters of suspended sediment into the lower mainstream.     

长江流域生态环境问题及其成因

分析长江流域上中游的水土流失与地质灾害、中下游的洪涝灾害、长江口的赤潮、长江水质污染、流域生物多样性变化、流域内人群健康等问题;论述了长江流域生态环境恶化的成因:森林植被的锐减是造成水土流失的主要因素,区域自然地理特征是洪灾和地质灾害的基础,污染物的大量排放造成了长江水质的污染和长江口的赤潮,水利设施的兴建使得濒危物种增多,城市化增加了洪灾损失;提出了保护和恢复长江流域和谐生态环境的有效措施:增加环境建设的投入和增强人们的环保意识,重视森林植被的保护等.     

长江上中下游河道水沙特征和水沙关系简

利用1950—2010年间宜昌、汉口和大通站的有关资料,对比分析长江流域上中下游河段的径流量和输沙量特性及其在时间上和空间上的变化规律.1950—2010年宜昌站多年平均径流量为4.32×10¹¹ m³,汉口站为7.07×10¹¹ m³,大通站为8.96×10¹¹ m³,上游来水量与中下游来水量各占一半左右.年际间年径流量存在波动变化,但未出现明显的趋势性增减变化.而三峡水库建成后径流量存在年内削峰补枯现象;1950—2010年宜昌站多年平均输沙量为4.34×10⁸ t,汉口站为3.59×10⁸ t,大通站为3.90×10⁸ t,泥沙主要来源于上游流域.而年际间年输沙量从20世纪80年代开始出现下降,尤其2003年三峡水库建成后输沙量出现锐减,宜昌站年平均输沙量降为0.54×10⁸ t,汉口站为1.17×10⁸ t,大通站为1.52×10⁸ t,汛期输沙量减少更明显,而且不同粒径组的悬沙输沙量出现不一致的下降,这与中下游河床和岸滩沉积物再浮悬泥沙及湖泊补给的泥沙组成有关.对悬沙不同粒径组的输沙量与径流量之间建立散点关系图,表明D≥0.1 mm泥沙粒径组的线性关系较好,而全沙粒径组尤其是细颗粒组相关性较差,符合河流动力学的相关理论.本研究成果对认识近年来人类活动干扰下的长江流域水沙变化有着重要的现实意义.     

基于TM影像的长江口悬沙浓度遥感反演定量模式研究

近年来,由于水利工程等因素,长江入海径流量变化较大并导致入海泥沙量明显呈下降趋势,必会影响海岸带环境．利用遥感技术研究泥沙含量不仅速度快,效率高,周期短,而且对分析河口海岸带冲淤变化,研究流域入海物质通量、物质循环、河口沙洲变化,港口建设,航道治理以及海岸带环境管理都有十分重要韵意义．利用长江口TM影像数据以及现场采集的多个长江口表层悬沙浓度数据,建立悬沙浓度遥感定量反演模式．通过对遥感数据预处理,运用不同的悬沙反演模式进行回93分析,得到低浓度悬沙水体运用多项武模式反演效果较好,高浓度表层悬沙水体运用乘幂模式反演效果较好,同时应用Arcgis软件绘制成悬浮泥沙空间分布图,并归纳出长江口悬沙分布和输移的基本规律．     

平原河流水沙动力学若干研究进展与工程治理实践

综述了河海大学在平原河流水沙动力学问题及河道整治技术创新与实践方面的研究成果,包括含植物水流、沙波床面水沙运动、潜流交换、河网交汇流、桥墩防冲、闸下防淤等基础理论、复杂河网水沙运动模拟与多目标水力调控技术,以及上述理论方法在解决长江、淮河、珠江等流域多个大中型复杂河网防洪、排涝、水运、环境等诸多实际问题中的应用,展望了我国平原河流治理今后需重点关注的问题。     

Impact on the Yangtze (Changjiang) Estuary from its drainage basin: Sediment load and discharge

This paper focuses on the sediment transport and freshwater discharging from upper Yangtze drainage basin downstream, primarily on the basis of multiyear hy-drological data collected from three major hydrological gauge stations (Yichang, Hankou and Datong). Data indicate highest sediment load in Yichang (5.6×108 t/a), lowest in Hankou (5.1×108t) and second highest in Datong (5.4×108 t). This fluctuations are identical with what has been observed from the annual flood season. About one thirds of the sediment load are trapped in the middle Yangtze River course, where meandering river pattern prevails; rest of them are directly transported to the river mouth area via lower Yangtze River channel, where the river is typically confined by the exposed base rock and almost none is being trapped, instead, minor being drained to the mainstream from the local tributaries. To recognize this sediment delivery and river flow media is vital, because it can highlight morphologic/topographic correlation between the upper drainage basin and the estuary and the erosion and siltation in the river mouth area, where extensive coast has been exclaimed and or being exclaimed, and new navigation channel and port is being constructed. It is particularly crucial for monitoring the impact on estuarine change after 3-Gorges dam being closed in 2009. Data also indicate an increase in freshwater discharging downstream (>7.7×1111 m3/a), of which -50% derived from the upstream and another half concentrated from the local tributaries. The result shows that this numerous freshwater has constantly flowed into the river mouth area to support the estuarine aquaculture and ecosystem, where it is confronted with huge amount of tidal prism (>10 times more than that of the annual runoff) transforming from offshore. Thus, a great concern for saltwater intrusion especially during the dry season is aroused, largely due to the intense upstream agriculture irrigation and large water transfer project, such as the well-planned South-North Water Transfer project.