Zinc bioleaching from an iron concentrate using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain from Hercules Mine of Coahuila,Mexico

The iron concentrate from Hercules Mine of Coahuila,Mexico,which mainly contained pyrite and pyrrhotite,was treated by the bioleaching process using native strain Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A.ferrooxidans) to determine the ability of these bacteria on the leaching of zinc.The native bacteria were isolated from the iron concentrate of the mine.The bioleaching experiments were carried out in shake flasks to analyze the effects of pH values,pulp density,and the ferrous sulfate concentration on the bioleaching process.The results obtained by microbial kinetic analyses for the evaluation of some aspects of zinc leaching show that the native bacteria A.ferrooxidans,which is enriched with a 9K Silverman medium under the optimum conditions of pH 2.0,20 g/L pulp density,and 40 g/L FeSO4,increases the zinc extraction considerably observed by monitoring during15 d,i.e.,the zinc concentration has a decrease of about 95% in the iron concentrate.     

Zinc bioleaching from an iron concentrate using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans</Emphasis> strain from Hercules Mine of Coahuila,Mexico

The iron concentrate from Hercules Mine of Coahuila, Mexico, which mainly contained pyrite and pyrrhotite, was treated by the bioleaching process using native strain Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) to determine the ability of these bacteria on the leaching of zinc. The native bacteria were isolated from the iron concentrate of the mine. The bioleaching experiments were carried out in shake flasks to analyze the effects of pH values, pulp density, and the ferrous sulfate concentration on the bioleaching process. The results obtained by microbial kinetic analyses for the evaluation of some aspects of zinc leaching show that the native bacteria A. ferrooxidans, which is enriched with a 9K Silverman medium under the optimum conditions of pH 2.0, 20 g/L pulp density, and 40 g/L FeSO₄, increases the zinc extraction considerably observed by monitoring during15 d, i.e., the zinc concentration has a decrease of about 95% in the iron concentrate.     

Microbial leaching of chromite overburden from Sukinda mines, Orissa, India using Aspergillus niger

Leaching of nickel and cobalt from two physical grades (S1, 125–190 μm, coarser and S3, 53–75 μm, finer) of chromite overburden was achieved by treating the overburden (2% pulp density) with 21-d culture filtrate of an Aspergillus niger strain grown in sucrose medium. Metal dissolution increases with ore roasting at 600°C and decreasing particle size due to the alteration of microstructural properties involving the conversion of goethite to hematite and the increase in surface area and porosity as evident from X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (DT-TGA), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). About 65% Ni and 59% Co were recovered from the roasted S3 ore employing bioleaching against 26.87% Ni and 31.3% Co using an equivalent amount of synthetic oxalic acid under identical conditions. The results suggest that other fungal metabolites in the culture filtrate played a positive role in the bioleaching process, making it an efficient green approach in Ni and Co recovery from lateritic chromite overburden.     

Bioleaching of copper oxide ore by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Bioleaching is an environmentally friendly method for extraction of metal from ores. In this study, bioleaching of copper oxide ore by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a heterotrophic bactermm that can produce various organic acids in an appropriate culture medium, and these acids can operate as leaching agents. The parameters, such as particle size, glucose percentage in the culture medium, bioleaching time, and solid/liquid ratio were optimized. Optimum bioleaching conditions were found as follows： particle size of 150-177 μm, glucose percentage of 6%, bioleaching time of 8 d, and solid/liquid ratio of 1：80. Under these conditions, 53% of copper was extracted.     

膜反应器结合离子交换法对镍钼矿的生物浸出

采用对钼有一定耐受性的金属硫叶菌,通过膜反应器结合离子交换吸附,除去钼以实现镍钼矿的浸出。研究结果表明:由于膜生物反应器(MBR)中膜的超滤作用,浸出液中的钼质量浓度保持在该菌可以承受的范围内,再通过离子交换将滤出液中的钼交换吸附,交换处理的浸出液返回浸出反应器,从而使MBR中钼保持很低的质量浓度而实现细菌对矿物高效浸出。浸出条件为:温度为65℃,接种量为10%,矿浆质量浓度为100 g/L,浸出时间20 d。在浸出过程中,当所超滤和离子交换的浸出液体积为35%左右时,MBR的Ni和Mo的浸出率分别为70.70%和46.92%;当所超滤和离子交换的浸出液体积为18%左右时,MBR的Ni和Mo的浸出率分别为74.71%和50.97%;当所超滤和离子交换的浸出液体积为10%左右时,MBR的Ni和Mo的浸出率分别为79.53%和56.52%;而在相同条件下,柱浸镍和钼的浸出率则保持在75.59%和54.07%左右;可见,在浸出液的超滤和离子交换量较低(约10%)时,MBR中Ni和Mo浸出率比同条件下的柱浸浸出率高,达到了较好的浸出效果。     

黄铁矿促进黄铜矿微生物浸出影响因素

采用摇瓶实验,以氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,At.f)浸出黄铁矿--黄铜矿,重点研究了基础培养基、矿物配比和粒度组成等因素的影响.黄铁矿能促进黄铜矿的微生物浸出,以采用无Fe 9K培养基效果较好,它对应铜浸出率是9K培养基的1.68倍;采用宽粒级矿物时铜浸出效果较好,且铜浸出率与黄铁矿和黄铜矿的质量比有关,当质量比为2∶2时铜浸出率最高可达45.58%;黄铁矿含量大小是影响铜浸出率高低的实质,当质量比小于等于5∶2时以At.f菌的氧化作用为主,当质量比为10∶2时以硫化矿间的原电池效应为主.浸渣的X射线衍射分析表明,采用无Fe 9K培养基时浸渣中生成的钝化物黄钾铁矾较少,故黄铁矿可以很好地替代9K培养基中的FeSO4,并能与黄铜矿形成原电池效应,从而促进铜的浸出.     

用废旧电路板酸浸-电沉积法回收金属铜

为了既保障环保又达到最佳铜回收效果的目的,以废旧电路板经过初步破碎分离,得到铜金属富集产品为研究对象,采用硫酸-双氧水浸出结合电沉积工艺回收物料中的铜。考察了铜浸出率与硫酸质量浓度、双氧水用量、浸出时间、液固比之间的关系,进行最佳金属浸出条件实验。结果表明：硫酸物质的量浓度为3.5 mol/L、浸出时间3 h、双氧水用量为20 mL、液固比10∶1条件下,铜金属浸出率最高可达到97.58%。电沉积尾液循环用以浸出铜,铜离子循环质量浓度不低于18 g/L,平均电流效率高于97.60%。在沉积温度40℃,阴极材料为T2紫铜,电流密度小于800 A/m2时,电流效率可以保持在97%以上。实验中铜回收率达到了97.58%。     

德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种培养基及培养条件的优化

为了降低德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种的工业生产成本和提高发酵液的菌浓度,通过单因素试验和旋转中心组合设计（central composite design,CCD）相结合的方法优化培养基的组分和培养条件。优化后的培养基成分为:葡萄糖30 g/L、豆粕28 g/L、玉米粉14 g/L、乳清粉28 g/L、K2HPO4 3.0 g/L、柠檬酸三铵2.5 g/L、乙酸钠5 g/L、吐温-80 1.25 mL/L、MgSO4·7H2O 0.2 g/L、MnSO4·4H2O 0.0625 g/L;培养条件为:初始pH值7.1,温度37 ℃,接种量4%（体积分数）,静置培养。经优化后活菌数达到 6.07×109 CFU/mL,明显高于原MRS培养基（5.8×108 CFU/mL）,且其成本较原MRS培养基的成本降低了4000元/t。     

Biodesulfurization of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates and pH control of bioleaching solution

Vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates were desulfurized with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans). The sulfur content of the concentrates was reduced from 0.69wt% to 0.14wt% after bioleaching for 15 d with a 10% pulp density at 30℃. Maintaining a stable pH value during biodesulfurization was critical because of high acid consumption, resulting from a combination of nonoxidative and oxidative dissolution of pyrrhotite in acid solution. It is discovered that the citric acid-disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer of pH 2.0 can control the solution pH value smoothly in the optimal range of 2.0–3.0 for A. ferrooxidans growth. Using the buffer in the volume fraction range of 5.0%–15.0% stimulates A. ferrooxidans growth and improves the biodesulfurization efficiency. Compared with the buffer-free control case, the maximum increase of biodesulfurization rate is 29.7% using a 10.0vol% buffer. Bioleaching provides an alternative process for desulfurization of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite ores.     

球红假单胞菌降解褐煤的条件研究

通过分析球红假单胞菌降解褐煤时的煤样粒度、菌液用量、煤浆浓度、转化降解时间及pH值的变化,研究以上各因素对煤炭微生物转化率的影响。研究结果表明,各因素对煤炭微生物转化率影响的大小为煤样粒度>煤浆浓度>降解时间>菌液用量。试验条件下,各因素的最优水平为煤样粒度-0.2mm、菌液用量10mL/100mL、煤浆质量浓度0.9g/50mL、降解时间14d,此时经硝酸预处理的义马褐煤的煤炭微生物转化率为41.72%;在整个试验过程中,培养基pH值是在呈上升的趋势。用XRD和FTIR测试分析了褐煤的微生物转化产物,结果表明,转化产物的芳香聚合度和分子量有很大程度降低,官能团含量也发生了变化,褐煤样中的大量芳香类高聚物降解为低分子量类物质及其他类物质。研究为实现煤炭微生物降解的产业化提供了参考。     

重金属沉渣土著微生物浸出后余渣的潜在毒性

在pH值为3.0、温度为30 ℃、矿浆质量分数为7%的优化浸出条件下,通过摇瓶试验,结合X射线衍射分析、BCR法3步连续提取,研究了土著微生物浸出重金属沉渣后余渣中重金属的潜在毒性。结果表明：土著微生物浸出7 d后,沉渣中Cd,Mn,Cu,Pb,Zn含量分别由原来的4 530,7 650,830,29 530,62350 mg/kg降低至730,1280,390,13 810,15650 mg/kg.浸出过程沉渣中Cd,Mn,Cu,Pb,Zn等重金属的酸可提取态相对含量显著降低,残渣态相对含量提高.余渣环境活性和潜在危害低于《危险废物鉴别标准》（GB 5085.3-2007）的规定,土著微生物浸出能有效实现重金属沉渣的资源化和无害化.     

通气对硫化铜矿生物浸出过程中自由细菌和吸附细菌群落动态的影响研究

生物浸出回收低品位硫化铜矿中的铜金属具有操作简单、低能耗、节约经济等优点,成为了近年来的研究热点。然而低品位硫化铜矿生物浸出效率低是其面临的主要问题之一。本文为了促进生物浸出效率,研究了强制通气条件下的低品位硫化铜矿生物浸出过程中的铜浸出率、细菌群落动态演替等特征。结果表明,适当的通气可提高细菌浓度和铜浸出率。在通气时间为4 h·d?1时,浸矿14 d后的细菌浓度和铜离子浓度最高,分别为7.61×107 个·mL?1和704.9 mg·L?1。实验可得,吸附细菌在浸矿过程的前7 d起着重要作用,而自由细菌则是在第8 d到第14 d占主导地位。这一现象主要是由于浸出过程Fe3+水解形成钝化层所致,抑制了吸附细菌与矿石的接触。同时,通过16S rDNA分析可知,Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans和Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans对低品位硫化铜矿生物浸出过程具有重要影响。     

含钴矿石摇瓶生物浸出比较试验的研究

对含钴矿石进行了工艺矿物学研究,明确了该含钴矿石的主要化学成分、粒度分布、矿物组成与嵌布特征.研究表明,硫化矿物主要为硫铜钴矿、黄铜矿、斑铜矿、辉铜矿、铜蓝、黄铁矿等.硫铜钴矿大多数以单体形式赋存,还有一部分为连生体.该含钴矿石含钴163%,铜105%,铁124%,硫1500%.用实验室驯化培养的具有良好抗钴性能的ZY101菌种对此含钴矿石进行摇瓶浸出实验研究,浸出结果表明:利用优良菌种浸出,钴浸出率达8571%.对比生物法与非生物的高铁溶液浸出,生物法钴浸出率提高6326%,耐钴ZY101浸矿菌浸钴效果显著.     

Linking leach chemistry and microbiology of low-grade copper ore bioleaching at different temperatures

The effects of temperature on chalcocite/pyrite oxidation and the microbial population in the bioleaching columns of a low-grade chalcocite ore were investigated in this study. Raffinate from the industrial bioleaching heap was used as an irrigation solution for columns operated at 20, 30, 45, and 60℃. The dissolution of copper and iron were investigated during the bioleaching processes, and the microbial community was revealed by using a high-throughput sequencing method. The genera of Ferroplasma, Acidithiobacillus, Leptospirillum, Acidiplasma, and Sulfobacillus dominated the microbial community, and the column at a higher temperature favored the growth of moderate thermophiles. Even though microbial abundance and activity were highest at 30℃, the column at a higher temperature achieved a much higher Cu leaching efficiency and recovery, which suggested that the promotion of chemical oxidation by elevated temperature dominated the dissolution of Cu. The highest pyrite oxidation percentage was detected at 45℃. Higher temperature resulted in precipitation of jarosite in columns, especially at 60℃. The results gave implications to the optimization of heap bioleaching of secondary copper sulfide in both enhanced chalcocite leaching and acid/iron balance, from the perspective of leaching temperature and affected microbial community and activity.     

某铀矿细菌菌群柱浸过程中的硫强化作用及其机理分析

评估了由Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans和Leptospirillum ferriphilum组成的混合菌群在柱式反应器中浸出某复杂铀矿的硫强化作用及其可行性。在77 d细菌柱浸过程中,硫强化(8 g/kg)后,铀的浸出率达到了约83.61%,与对照组相比,增加了10%。利用扫描电镜和X射线荧光光谱仪对矿渣进行了表征,结果表明硫强化后的矿渣表面有细菌侵蚀的痕迹且孔隙度增大。细菌群落分析表明,硫强化后浸出液中的优势种群从Leptospirillum ferriphilum转变为Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,且Leptospirillum ferriphilum在下层矿石表面占比从强化前的4.3%增加到了40.74%,和Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans保持了较好的平衡。此外,动力学分析表明,铀矿细菌柱浸动力学模型更遵循了通过中间产物层控制的内部扩散模式,且硫强化能够增强铀的浸出动力学。最后,建立了一个与细菌群落和化学反应相关联的硫强化生物浸铀的机制模型。     

Nickel solvent extraction from cold purification filter cakes of Angouran mine concentrate using LIX984N

Cold purification filter cakes generated in the hydrometallurgical processing of Angouran mine zinc concentrate commonly contain significant amounts of Zn, Cd, and Ni ions and thus are valuable resources for metal recovery. In this research, a nickel containing solution that was obtained from sulfuric acid leaching of the filter cake following cadmium and zinc removal was subjected to solvent extraction experiments using 10vol% LIX984N diluted in kerosene. Under optimum experimental conditions (pH 5.3, volume ratio of organic/aqueous (O:A) = 2:1, and contact time = 5 min), more than 97.1% of nickel was extracted. Nickel was stripped from the loaded organic by contacting with a 200 g/L sulfuric acid solution, from which 77.7% of nickel was recovered in a single contact at the optimum conditions (pH 1–1.5, O:A = 5:1, and contact time = 15 min).     

海洋小球藻（Chlorella sp.）高密度培养条件优化研究

为提高小球藻（Chlorella sp.）的生物量,须对f/2配方培养基进行响应面优化。首先须确定小球藻培养基的最佳pH值和盐度。在此基础上,利用Plackett-Burman设计方案筛选出影响小球藻生长的3个主要因素分别为NaHCO3、KNO3和维生素B12,然后通过 Box-Behnken 设计试验确定这3个主要因素的最佳质量浓度参数。结果表明,当培养基组成为:NaHCO3 0.93 g/L、MgSO4 0.40 g/L、KNO3 0.46 g/L、K2HPO4 0.020 g/L、维生素B1 0.60 mg/L、维生素B12 1.8 μg/L、生物素 2.0 μg/L时,小球藻经实验室培养72 h后的生物量达到4.5×107个/mL,较优化前提高了32.5%。     

Enhancement of Au-Ag-Te contents in tellurium-bearing ore minerals via bioleaching

The purpose of this study was to enhance the content of valuable metals, such as Au, Ag, and Te, in tellurium-bearing minerals via bioleaching. The ore samples composed of invisible Au and Au paragenesis minerals (such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena) in combination with tellurium-bearing minerals (hessite, sylvanite and Tellurobismuthite) were studied. Indigenous microbes from mine drainage were isolated and identified as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, which were used in bioleaching after adaption to copper. The effect of the microbial adaption on the bioleaching performance was then compared with the results produced by the non-adaptive process. The microbial adaption enhanced the Au-Ag-Te contents in biological leaching of tellurium-bearing ore minerals. This suggests that bioleaching with adapted microbes can be used both as a pretreatment and in the main recovery processes of valuable metals.     

SiO2气凝胶的溶胶-凝胶/共沸蒸馏法制备及表征

以工业水玻璃为硅源,采用溶胶-凝胶和共沸蒸馏的方法在常压下制备SiO2气凝胶,研究制备条件对SiO2气凝胶性能的影响.结果表明,当溶液体系的pH值为4.5,添加2 mL甲酰胺作为干燥控制化学添加剂(DCCA),并以正丁醇与凝胶中的水为共沸蒸发介质时,所制备的SiO2气凝胶具有典型的气凝胶结构特征,经分析SiO2气凝胶的...     

生物淋滤法脱除城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属:底物浓度的影响

通过接种嗜酸性硫杆菌复合菌株(氧化亚铁硫杆菌与氧化硫硫杆菌)并采用序批式试验，研究了底物浓度(硫粉投加比例)对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属生物淋滤脱除效果的影响．结果表明，5g／L的硫粉投加比例对重金属的去除与底物利用最为有利．在此条件下淋滤处理飞灰15d，Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb的去除率分别可达到89．7％、81．8％、72．6％、29．3％，硫粉的利用率达到65．2％．TLCP毒性试验表明，飞灰的重金属毒性被有效脱除．飞灰中重金属的去除或溶出主要依赖于硫杆菌生物氧化S^0所导致的浆液酸化．