改变凸轮型线实现两级喷射的探讨

利用分段喷射可以改变喷油特性，从而改善柴油机燃烧性能，降低燃油耗及烟度。改变凸轮型线实现分段喷射是可行的，而且在设计制造及投入方面都是简单易行的。本文对预喷油量的确定、凸轮廓线的选择、柱塞升程、速度、加速度的计算以及凸轮加工进行了探讨，并进行了台架对比试验。试验结果表明，在所有转速及负荷变化范围内烟度均有大幅度的改善，燃油耗也有所下降。对分段喷射的深入探讨提供参考。     

电控喷油器喷射量特性小喷油脉宽非线性段研究

分析了电控喷油器喷射量特性小喷油脉宽非线性段的特性形态,设计了高精度测量小喷油脉宽非线性段的实验装置,以高阻型喷油器为例,精确测量了该喷油器小喷油脉宽非线性段的喷射特性,并研究了驱动电压和供油油压对其特性的影响,最后对小喷油脉宽非线性段进行了数值拟合,为汽油机电控喷油系统的设计打下了良好基础.     

船用柴油机超高压共轨系统喷雾特性试验研究

利用自行设计的超高压共轨系统喷雾试验平台,开展了超高压共轨系统喷雾特性的试验研究.从油束形态、喷雾贯穿距以及喷雾锥角方面出发,系统定量地分析了喷油压力和喷油规律对船用柴油机喷雾特性的影响,为进一步改善船用柴油机性能提供了理论依据.结果表明:通过控制超高压共轨系统中电控增压器电磁阀和喷油器电磁阀的开启时间,可以实现变压力和变喷油速率喷射;随着喷油压力的升高,油束周围的破碎蒸发现象、喷雾贯穿距以及喷雾锥角均逐渐增大,但当喷油压力超过200 MPa后,其对喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角的影响越来越小;随着喷油规律由矩形变化到靴形,油束周围的破碎蒸发现象、喷雾贯穿距以及喷雾锥角均逐渐减小,且喷油压力为150 MPa的矩形喷油规律的喷雾贯穿距大于喷油压力为200 MPa的靴形喷油规律的喷雾贯穿距,这进一步表明了喷射初期的压力是决定喷雾贯穿距的最主要因素.     

电控单体泵系统的喷射控制算法

为了精确控制电控单体泵的喷油过程,结合嘴端压力变化规律,对影响喷射过程的电磁阀响应时间、喷油器开启压力等进行了分析。以此为基础建立了喷射控制时序,并分析了喷射过程中各个时间量与角度量之间的关系。采用相邻循环法与自适应参数调整相结合的方法对喷射区间的曲轴瞬时转速进行了预估,完成了喷射控制中的时间/角度转换。整机试验表明,所设计的喷射控制算法能很好地满足精确喷油控制的要求。     

直喷汽油机喷嘴积碳对喷雾的影响

利用纹影法,在定容燃烧弹中对直喷汽油机喷油器进行喷雾特性试验,对比了未积碳喷油器、积碳喷油器和物理清洗过的积碳喷油器在不同喷射压力下的喷雾形态、喷雾锥角以及贯穿距离.结果表明:积碳后喷油器雾化质量较差,喷雾锥角和贯穿距离明显小于未积碳喷油器的喷雾锥角和贯穿距离,提高喷射压力后这种差距有所缩小;积碳喷油器单束油束贯穿距离差别较大,积碳后喷油器流量显著降低,且随喷油压力的增加,积碳喷油器流量的变化更为显著;扫描电子显微镜显示喷油器各喷孔积碳程度不一致,经X射线能谱分析检测后发现,机油中的某些成分以及摩擦产生的金属碎屑对积碳的形成起到促进作用.     

多次喷射模式下共轨系统喷油量波动预测与补偿

为了解决多次喷射模式下喷油量的精确控制问题,进行了基于波动量的预测,实现了有效的喷油补偿。首先,分析了喷油器的动态特性,并基于AMESim仿真软件建立了共轨系统喷油器仿真模型;然后,通过仿真数据分析多次喷射模式下喷油量波动的影响因素,确定了喷油压力、预喷脉宽、主喷和预喷之间的时间间隔等为主要特征参数,提出基于LM-BP模型的喷油波动量预测方法;同时,基于喷油波动量的预测结果设计喷油量补偿控制器。结果表明,基于波动量的预测可以提高喷射精度,验证了所提策略的有效性。     

多孔GDI喷油器闪蒸喷雾溃灭形态分析

为深入研究多孔高压汽油直喷（GDI）喷射器在冷喷射和闪蒸条件下的喷雾特性,选用GDI喷油器,自制高压喷油控制系统,搭建了喷雾定容室试验平台。对3种典型闪蒸条件下的喷雾特性进行了燃油喷射过程实时控制试验。研究了不同喷射压力下乙醇汽油闪蒸喷雾的二维宏观形态和三维空间结构的演变特征。研究结果表明：闪蒸喷雾的结构主要由环境压力和燃油温度决定;较低的大气压力与较高的燃料温度都会加速闪蒸过程;较高的喷射压力使喷射过程更快、喷雾穿透延长、坍塌程度降低,较低的喷射压力使喷射过程的尖端穿透力较高。得出结论：通过揭示多孔GDI喷射器的闪蒸喷雾的形成规律,可为改善车用发动机性能提供技术参考。     

基于容积法的喷油器流量检测系统的研究

为提高FAI(Free Armature Injection,自由电枢喷射)电控燃油喷射系统的精度,需探求电喷单元实际喷油量与喷射脉宽之间的关系。根据容积法的检测原理搭建了电控喷油器智能检测平台,通过测量在恒压状态下喷射一定容积的燃油所消耗的时间来获得喷油器的单次喷射量。采用Lab VIEW软件设计了上位机软件,使用FAI喷油器在该检测系统上进行流量特性测试,找出流量特性曲线的线性阶段,并进行不同驱动电压下的流量特性测试,为喷油器电压波动的补偿提供参考。试验结果显示,该FAI喷油器在喷油脉宽4 400~6 800μs内呈良好的线性关系;随着驱动电压的增大,电喷单元无效喷射时间减小,线性阶段曲线斜率变化不大,分别为:2.64、2.67、2.63、2.65、2.65、2.80,表明针阀完全打开后喷射量受驱动电压波动的影响不大。     

喷油器喷孔积碳对柴油机喷油压力影响研究

使用光学电子显微镜,拍摄了新喷油器和积碳喷油器的喷孔图像。图像表明:喷油器喷孔积碳后,喷孔出口有明显的不规则积碳,对喷孔造成了一定程度的堵塞,改变了原有的喷孔结构;喷孔内部粗糙度有所增大,有少量不规则积碳存在于喷孔内部出口一侧。利用喷油泵试验台架,分别使用新喷油器和积碳喷油器进行了燃油喷射试验,测试了不同工况下的泵端压力和嘴端压力波形。试验结果表明:与新喷油器相比,喷孔积碳后喷油压力增大,压力峰值时间延后,针阀落座时间延后,喷油持续期增长,残余压力增大;嘴端压力波形由双峰曲线变成3峰曲线;喷油器开启压力增大,积碳对嘴端压力影响作用增大。     

轴针式喷嘴喷束的高速摄影研究

本文介绍一种能控制喷油器喷射次数且能与高速摄影机联动的自动装置。文中利用该装置研究了轴针式喷嘴的喷油过程,探讨了喷嘴油束形成的特征。研究结果表明,在喷射初期和后期,油束在不同的启阀压力下,其穿透能力有不同的变化规律。文中还分析了背压对穿透、雾化锥角等的影响。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

正~~     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to