BP neural network based flexural strength prediction of open-porous Cu-Sn- Ti composites

Open-porous Cu-Sn-Ti composites are fabricated by the space holder sintering technique using carbamide particles as space-holder material. Generally, the mechanical properties of open-porous sintered composites, especially the flexural strength affect the machine tools wear significantly. In this paper, a back-propagation (BP) artificial neural network with genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSOA) was then employed to relate the composition parameters (pore size, porosity and concentration of molybdenum disulfide particles) to the flexural strength. Furthermore, a comparison of predicted and experimental results using GA-BP and PSOA-BP models was conducted and good prediction accuracy was obtained. The study showed that PSOA-BP models could achieve better prediction results in aspects of the higher convergence velocity, lower relative errors of the flexure strength utilizing GA-BP models. Finally, the high porosity and desired flexural strength were achieved by optimizing the input parameters of open-porous Cu-Sn-Ti composites.     

Properties and corrosion behavior of Al based nanocomposite foams produced by the sintering-dissolution process

The properties of Al based nanocomposite metal foams and their corrosion behaviors were investigated in this study. For this, the composite metal foams with different relative densities (porosity) reinforced with alumina nanoparticles were prepared using a powder metallurgy-based sintering-dissolution process (SDP) and NaCl particles were used as space holders. Then, the effect of nanoparticle reinforcement and different amounts of NaCl space holders (corresponding porosity) on the microstructure, morphology, density, hardness, and electrochemical specifications of the samples were investigated. It was found that as the relative density increased from 60% to 70%, the wall thickness increased from about 200 to 300 μm, which led to a decrease in pore size. Also, the addition of nanoparticle reinforcement and the increased relative density result in increasing metal foam hardness. Moreover, electrochemical test results indicated that increasing the Al₂O₃ content reduced the corrosion rate, but increasing the porosity enhanced it.     

Effects of copper content on microstructure and mechanical properties of open-cell steel foams

The effects of copper content on the microstructural and mechanical properties of steel foams are investigated. Spherical urea granules, used as a water-leachable space holder, were coated with a mixture of iron, ultrafine carbon, and different amounts of copper powders. After the mixture was compacted and the space holder was removed by leaching, a sintering process was performed under an atmosphere of thermally dissociated ammonia. Microstructural evaluations of the cell walls were carried out using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In addition, compression tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of the manufactured steel foams. The results showed that the total porosity decreases from 77.2% to 71.9% with increasing copper content in the steel foams. In the foams' microstructure, copper islands are mostly distributed in pearlite and intergranular carbide phases are formed in the grain boundaries. When the copper content was increased from 0 to 4 wt%, the elastic modulus, plateau stress, fracture stress, and fracture strain of manufactured steel foams improved 4.5, 6, 6.4, and 2.5 times, respectively.     

基于Laguerre-Voronoi法的三维开孔泡沫金属模型

开孔泡沫金属由于其高效的传热性能与独特的传热机理,在降低能源消耗方面引起了众多学者的关注。本文提出了一种利用Laguerre-Voronoi法对固定空间内随机堆积的球体进行空间划分的建模方法,以模拟开孔泡沫金属微结构的几何和拓扑特性。利用随机堆积球体的球体体积对数正态分布来控制相应开孔泡沫结构的孔隙体积分布,分析了变异系数对泡沫结构孔隙分布的影响,并采用商用开孔泡沫金属对模型进行验证。结果表明：泡沫结构中孔隙（多面体）的平均面数、面的平均边数和孔隙体积变异系数都接近实际泡沫的结构参数,模型的孔隙率相对误差小于±5%,比表面积相对误差普遍小于20%,表明本文的建模方法是准确可靠的。     

底灰、粉煤灰及酸洗污泥协同制备泡沫微晶玻璃的相变及性能研究

底灰、粉煤灰和酸洗污泥给城市带来了严重的环境污染,以其为原料制备泡沫微晶玻璃是实现固体废物资源化利用,降低环境影响的有效途径。本文以碳酸钙为发泡剂协同处置以上三种固体废弃物,成功制备了泡沫微晶玻璃。不同底灰添加量对样品的孔形态、孔径分布、孔内外成分变化、物理性能、玻璃结构单元、物相及析晶的影响得到了分析。结果表明,随底灰添加量增加,玻璃相,Si–O–Si及Q3Si单元逐渐减少,玻璃转变温度降低,从而造成气泡融合及孔分布不均的现象。当底灰、粉煤灰、酸洗污泥添加量分别35wt%,45wt%和20wt%时,制备了具有均匀球形孔隙和优异物理性能的泡沫微晶玻璃。样品的体积密度为1.76 g/cm3,孔隙率达56.01%,抗压强度为16.23 MPa。这种低成本制备泡沫微晶玻璃的方法为协同处置固体废弃物提供了新思路。     

冲击速度对开孔泡沫金属冲击动力学性能影响

利用有限元软件ANSYS中的LS-DYNA模块,建立起了泡沫金属胞元方孔模型,采用能更好反应实际情况的幂函数塑性模型,研究了冲击速度对泡沫金属冲击动力学性能的影响,对泡沫金属在冲击载荷作用下的应力传递和分布以及变形过程进行了数值模拟,分析了冲击速度对泡沫金属应力传递和分布以及变形的影响。研究表明,随着初始撞击速度的提高,泡沫铝屈服强度有所提高,应力传递速度和接触端面处的泡孔变形速度加快。     

填充电池组的耐撞安全性

针对圆柱电池的电池组,提出了一种新型的填充保护方式来提升电池组的耐撞安全性. 通过实验和数值模拟对比了填充电池组与无填充电池组的耐撞安全性,讨论了采用树脂和不同密度的泡沫金属作为填充材料对电池组安全性的影响. 结果表明填充电池组呈现出更高的安全性,这是由于填充材料改变了电池的受力状态,使电池受力更合理、变形更均匀,从而减少了电池的破坏风险. 树脂填充提高了电池组的硬度和刚度,在冲击荷载下,使电池组更快地进入均匀受载阶段. 泡沫金属的选取需要综合考虑材料本身吸能的能力和材料对电池组能量分布的影响,硬度适中的金属泡沫填充电池组具有较好的耐撞安全性.      

有机-无机烧结“合金型”材料的孔径和晶粒粒径分布及其群子模型

作者用图象仪测试了材料结构中的晶粒粒径和孔径分布,并在此测试基础上,应用群于统计理论,建立了晶粒和孔径的群子分布函数.发现:函数中的参数与材料的性能有密切关系,证明了体系中晶粒和孔径分布是影响材料力学性能的重要因素.并提出了材料结构的物理模型,并认为:体系的晶粒分布均匀,镶嵌紧密,碳层成网状分布,孔洞小又少时,有利于提高材料的力学性能.     

Low-frequency damping behavior of closed-cell Mg alloy foams reinforced with SiC particles

The damping properties of an Mg alloy foam and its composite foams were investigated using a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer. The results show that the loss factors of both the Mg alloy and its composite foams are insensitive to temperature and loading frequency when the temperature is less than a critical temperature T_crit. However, it increases when the temperature exceeds the T_crit values, which are 200 and 250℃ for the Mg alloy foam and the Mg alloy/SiC_p composite foams, respectively. The Mg alloy/SiC_p composite foams exhibit a higher damping capacity than the Mg alloy foam when the temperature is below 200℃. By contrast, the Mg alloy foam exhibits a better damping capacity when the temperature exceeds 250℃. The variation in the damping capacity is attributed to differences in the internal friction sources, such as the characteristics of the matrix material, abundant interfaces, and interfacial slipping caused by SiC particles, as well as to macrodefects in the Mg alloy and its composite foams.     

泡沫A1-0．146wt．％Ti合金的制备及耐腐蚀性能研究

采用真空低压渗流铸造法,制备了泡沫A1-0．146wt．％Ti合金．分析了影响渗流法制备泡沫铝合金的主要因素,得到了制备泡沫合金的最佳条件：NaCl填料粒子预热温度300℃,合金液体浇铸温度760℃,填料粒子尺寸1～3mm．不同孔率泡沫AI-O．146wt．％Ti合金的模拟海水全浸实验结果表明：泡沫合金的耐腐蚀性能随着孔率增加显著下降．     

激光快速成型致密金属零件的研究

采用激光快速成型技术制备出316L不锈钢薄壁矩形管和663锡青铜扭曲薄壁方管.所成型金属零件的组织均匀、致密,没有缺陷.沿金属薄壁零件高度方向的化学成分分析表明,零件中的化学成分分布均匀,且与金属粉末的化学成分相同,未发生成分偏析.同时,激光快速成型的金属薄壁零件的力学性能与常规加工方法制造出的零件相当.使用表明激光快速成型的金属零件可以满足直接使用要求.     

多孔Fe–C–P合金泡孔形貌、孔隙率、显微组织及力学性能的研究

Open cell steel foams were successfully fabricated through the powder metallurgy route using urea granules as the water leachable space holder in the present study. The influence of different amounts of phosphorus (0, 0.5wt%, 1wt%, 2wt%, and 4wt%) was investigated on the cell morphology, porosity, microstructure of cell walls, and mechanical properties of steel foams. The cell morphology and microstructure of the cell walls were evaluated using an optical microscope equipped with image processing software and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. In addition, the compression tests were conducted on the steel foams using a universal testing machine. Based on microscopic images, the porous structure consists of spherical cells and irregularly shaped pores that are distributed in the cell walls. The results indicated that by increasing the phosphorus content, the porosity increases from 71.9% to 83.2%. The partially distributed ferrite and fine pearlite was observed in the microstructure of the cell walls, and α-Fe and Fe₃P eutectic extended between the boundaries of agglomerated iron particles. Furthermore, elastic and long saw-toothed plateau regions were observed before fracture in the compressional stress–strain curves. According to the results, by increasing the phosphorus content from 0 to 4wt%, the plateau region of the stress–strain curves shifts to the right and upward. Therefore, increasing phosphorus content causes improvement in the mechanical properties of steel foams.     

Sol-Gel Synthesized Adsorbents for Metal Separation

Introduction Noble nanostructured adsorbents are of emerging interest due to the ability to fabricate and control thechemical and physical properties of these materialsNumerous materials have been developed in attemptto separate metal ions from aqueous st…     

An ordered mesoporous organosilica hybrid material with a crystal-like wall structure

Surfactant-mediated synthesis strategies are widely used to fabricate ordered mesoporous solids in the form of metal oxides, metals, carbon and hybrid organosilicas. These materials have amorphous pore walls, which could limit their practical utility. In the case of mesoporous metal oxides, efforts to crystallize the framework structure by thermal and hydrothermal treatments have resulted in crystallization of only a fraction of the pore walls. Here we report the surfactant-mediated synthesis of an ordered benzene-silica hybrid material; this material has an hexagonal array of mesopores with a lattice constant of 52.5 A, and crystal-like pore walls that exhibit structural periodicity with a spacing of 7.6 A along the channel direction. The periodic pore surface structure results from alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers, composed of silica and benzene, respectively. We believe that this material is formed as a result of structure-directing interactions between the benzene-silica precursor molecules, and between the precursor molecules and the surfactants. We expect that other organosilicas and organo-metal oxides can be produced in a similar fashion, to yield a range of hierarchically ordered mesoporous solids with molecular-scale pore surface periodicity.     

塔北与巴楚下丘里塔格群白云岩储层特征对比

针对塔北和巴楚地区下丘里塔格群白云岩储层特征的差异问题，通过岩芯描述、薄片鉴定、阴极发光、扫描电镜、物性分析以及压汞等资料从岩石学、储集空间、物性及孔隙结构几个方面进行研究。结果表明：塔北地区主要为晶粒白云岩和颗粒白云岩；储集空间以晶间孔、晶间溶孔、溶蚀孔洞和裂缝为主，储集空间类型组合多样；喉道主要为粗-细喉型，分选好，孔喉分布均匀，连通性较好，物性较好；此外该区构造破裂作用和岩溶作用发育，也改善了储层物性。巴楚地区以晶粒白云岩和泥微晶白云岩为主；溶蚀孔洞、裂缝的发育程度和规模不如塔北地区，储集空间类型组合较单一；喉道多为细-微喉型，分选差，孔喉分布极不均匀，连通性差，物性较差。塔北地区白云岩储层物性好于巴楚地区，造成该差异的原因主要是受到了沉积作用和成岩作用的共同影响。     

多孔泡沫材料的声吸收特性

为了结合泡沫金属兼有的高吸声和高热传导两种特性以进一步提高其吸声性能,回顾了泡沫金属材料的应用和声学建模;通过对泡沫金属和用于制造泡沫金属的高分子基体材料的实验,比较了作者提出的声波通过泡沫金属传播的3种黏滞模型的预测结果,表明所有模型在泡沫金属典型胞元尺寸所对应的低雷诺数范围内是有效的(假定声波为线性,幅值低于160 dB).第一种模型考虑了声波沿平行于刚性圆柱束轴线方向传播时所受到的空气曳力,第二种模型考虑了声波沿垂直于刚性圆柱束轴线方向的传播,第三种模型考虑了声波通过球形节点的传播.结合这3种模型,提出了一种泡沫金属声学性能的综合模型,可以用来预测泡沫金属的声吸收特性.此外,还介绍了一种用于泡沫金属材料基本声传播特性实验的后处理技术.     

溶胶凝胶法制备锆钛酸铅纳米孔状光子晶体阵列

基于阳极氧化铝模板,使用旋涂法制备了锆钛酸铅纳米孔状光子晶体阵列.利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和能谱仪表征了其结构,形态和尺寸分布.结果显示制备的锆钛酸铅光子晶体呈正方晶相,尺寸统一,分布均匀,同时展现了良好的光学透射特性.这个简单,低成本又可行的制备方法为制备铁电纳米孔阵列结构提供了一条方便又可复制的途径.     

泡沫金属的热分析

提出了一种高孔隙率开孔泡沫金属的结构简化几何模型,运用热电比拟理论在胞孔尺度上分析并求解了有效热导率的计算表达式,并根据已有实验数据进行模型修正.同时模拟分析了金属泡沫三维矩形通道内空气流动的对流换热情况,与实验结果进行了对比验证.研究表明,本文提出的胞孔有效热导率修正模型对铝泡沫金属有一定的适用性;相同孔隙率条件下,泡沫金属通道内强制对流的对流换热系数随孔密度的增加(即孔径的减小)而增大,但付出的代价是阻力也随之增大;相对而言,低孔密度的泡沫金属具有较好的对流换热综合性能.     

Production and characterization of high porosity porous Fe-Cr-C alloys by the space holder leaching technique

Spherical carbamide particles were employed to produce porous Fe-Cr-C alloy with high porosity and large aperture via the space-holder leaching technique. A series of porous samples were prepared by regulating the processing parameters, which included the carbamide content and the compaction pressure. The pore characteristics and compression properties of the produced samples were investigated. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, image analysis, and compression tests. The results showed that the macro-porosity and the mean pore size were in the ranges 40.4%–82.4% and 0.6–1.5 mm, respectively. The compressive strength varied between 25.38 MPa and 127.9 MPa, and was observed to decrease with increasing total porosity.     

中高孔隙率泡沫金属材料常数的细观统计特性与拉伸本构关系

Gibson-Ashby单元模型成功地用于高孔隙率的开孔泡沫金属材料的弹性模量和屈服应力的预测,但基于该模型的破坏强度(应变)公式尚未建立,而在拉伸等条件下,泡沫金属的细观结构破坏对材料性质产生重大影响.本文重点研究在拉伸条件下Gibson-Ashby单元的破坏模式,通过综合考虑单元内水平梁的弯曲和立柱拉伸综合效应,建立起更一般性的泡沫金属材料单元的弹性模量、屈服应力(应变)公式.并且应用塑性铰长度的概念,成功地推导出单元的破坏应变.进而用单元结构几何参数的概率分布来表征泡沫金属的细观非均匀性,从而分别推导出了开孔泡沫金属单元材料参数的概率分布函数,并以此建立了涵盖支持中、高孔隙率泡沫金属的拉伸本构关系.通过对单元弹性模量、屈服应变与破坏应变的概率分布分析,指出它们的概率分布均存在近似的但不相互独立的等效Weibull分布,这说明在研究材料常数的细观统计特性时,有必要考虑材料的细观变形和破坏特性.