变压器空载工况下铁心的极限温升

分析了变压器空载试验时铁心温升过程的温度数据,得出试验点温升曲线的数学模型,其表达式中热时间常数为时间的一次函数,而试验点的极限温升可直接求出。在整个温升过程中由数学模型算出的温升值与试验值符合较好。其极限温升值比Z.Godec的计算值高出7～9℃。     

大功率高压开关电源变压器的损耗分析及散热控制

为了提高大功率高压开关电源的可靠性和稳定性,针对其变压器损耗与温升特性,进行理论分析和仿真实例验证,并提出一种损耗分析和散热控制方法。以Ansoft Maxwell软件建立变压器的3D模型,进行磁场的有限元分析;计算不同负载条件下的温升情况及散热所需风量,通过Ansys软件对温度场进行分析;以2000V/3A的开关电源模块为例,建立实际模型验证散热控制的有效性。研究结果表明:大功率高压开关电源的变压器损耗来源于绕组损耗和磁芯损耗;在自然冷风条件下,变压器散热情况较差,温升明显过高;采用本文所述方法所计算的风量能有效控制变压器的温升;采用该方法也可得到不同负载条件下变压器的对应损耗及所导致的温升,进一步达到调控温度的目的。     

工频EI型铁心变压器温升确定

温升是考核变压器的一个重要指标,关系到变压器能否正常工作。本文从温升的计算和测试两方面论证温升值,并进行实际举例。温升的计算可供设计师参考,但温升测试可准确测出具体值。     

基于综合节能的整流变压器最优运行工况研究

应用于金属冶炼、化工电解等行业的大功率整流变压器,其线圈铜阻随温度升高而增大,相应的基本铜耗也会增加;冷却装置的投入不仅能控制整流变压器在温升限值内运行,还能降低绕组温度实现降耗,但该过程加大了冷却装置的能耗,系统的整体能耗是否最低就需要根据实际情况进行分析.本文结合某铝业公司工程实测数据,对整流变压器损耗与温升关系,冷却功率与温升关系进行了深入研究,通过优化计算得到整流变压器的最优运行工况,即系统综合能耗最低时的温升及需投入的冷却功率,为整流变压器综合节能提供了理论依据和有效方法.     

基于磁-热-流耦合的非晶合金变压器运行特征分析

非晶合金变压器绕组及其铁心一般采用矩形结构,其运行损耗引起的不平衡温升更易导致绕组绝缘劣化,影响供电可靠性。针对非晶合金变压器特殊的绕组结构,分析计算非晶合金变压器绕组温升,预测其热点温度,对矩形绕组结构变压器的设计优化和运行控制具有理论指导意义。本文基于三维磁-热-流多物理场耦合仿真计算和温升试验,以一台型号为SBH15-M-200/10的三相油浸式非晶合金配电变压器为研究对象,分析其额定负载下的运行特征,仿真计算各绕组的热点温度,并通过短路法温升试验对仿真结果的正确性进行了验证。研究表明：三维磁-热-流多物理场耦合计算非晶合金变压器绕组热点温度值与温升试验结果的相对误差小于5%,所研究非晶合金变压器绕组的热点温度出现在B相低压绕组的中上部,热点温度达到64.77℃     

散热器组抬高对变压器温升的影响

为了分析散热器组抬高对变压器温升的影响,在传统温升计算的基础上,利用有限元法对油流速度进行计算,从理论上解析了油流速对散热性能的影响。同时结合相关的温升试验数据,针对散热器组架高的情况,给出了传统温升计算结合油流速分析温升计算方法。     

油浸式电力变压器温度场分布的计算分析

为更准确地掌握油浸式变压器的内部温度场分布,为其绝缘寿命评估提供依据,在分析变压器产热散热机理及导热途径的基础上,依据对流传热和热辐射特性及温度场计算的流固耦合模型,在多物理场仿真软件COMSOL中实现了变压器温度场分布的建模计算;得到了绕组的温度分布。绕组从下到上的温度分布大致为低—高—低走势,热点位于低压绕组上半部分。同时将计算结果与变压器温升试验实测数据进行了对比,两者吻合较好,绝对误差5.3%以内,说明了计算结果的正确性。在此基础上还分析了负载系数、水平油道高度和油流挡板设置对绕组温升的影响。     

用于变压器负载能力评估的改进热电类比模型

油浸式电力变压器的负载能力与油温、热点温度密切相关.为了更加准确地计算顶层油温和热点温度,以助于变压器的负载能力评估,文中基于传热学理论和电路定律,对一种变压器热电类比模型作了改进.首先引入油黏度重新定义了变压器相关部件的非线性热导,并考虑变压器与其环境温度之间热传递的影响;然后在模型中引入热点温度节点,使模型能够真实反映变压器内部热传导的基本过程,并采用遗传算法来对模型中的热参数进行全局优化.以某180000 k VA变压器为例,将改进前后的热电类比模型分别计算得到的热点温度、顶层油温、底层油温与导则推荐的经验公式的计算值以及在线监测值进行比较,结果表明改进后模型有较好的计算准确性.之后使用改进热电类比模型计算该变压器在给定运行工况下的日相对寿命损失、最大顶层油温、最大热点温度,并用以评估该变压器的负载能力,为变压器增容提供参考.     

油浸式电力变压器热点温度在线监测方法的研究

变压器热点温度是影响绕组绝缘状态最重要的原因,热点位置也是变压器油纸绝缘老化最严重的区域之一,监测热点温度具有重要意义。由热电类比理论,建立了顶层油温油浸式电力变压器内部温升热路模型,推导出变压器热点温度计算公式,并提出了一种油浸式电力变压器热点温度在线监测方法。这种在线监测方法需要采集的信息量少且易于获取,计算过程简单,计算精度较高,能为变压器的运行管理提供有效的技术支持。     

油浸式大型电力变压器表面温度预测模型

为了早期发现油浸式电力变压器长期连续运行时可能存在的温升异常问题,该文提出了一种新的油浸式电力变压器表面温度预测模型,可以预测出变压器表面的正常温度。通过比较预测值与实测值的误差来预知变压器表面温度是否存在异常,进而判断变压器运行状态是否正常。预测模型参数是基于现场数据采用偏最小二乘法估计出来的,克服了传统最小二乘法参数估计结果不稳定的问题。并且从传热学原理、预测误差的均值、方差及其正态分布性等方面,合理地选择用于参数估计的数据长度。用该模型计算分析了一年的现场数据,预测结果表明该模型是正确、有效的。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.