Perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in the fingernails of urban and rural children

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are two typical perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), found in a wide range of environmental media and organisms, including humans. Human biomonitoring studies of body fluids have revealed that in many areas of the world the general population has been exposed to background levels of PFOS and PFOA. Fingernail has been suggested as a promising biopsy material for assessment of PFCs environmental exposure. In the present study, PFOS and PFOA were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in fingernails of urban and rural children (N=93) aged 6–12 years. A questionnaire was conducted to determine factors that could influence the PFOS and PFOA levels in the children. The levels of PFOS in urban children were significantly higher (geometric mean (GM)=328 ng/g) than those in rural children (GM=27 ng/g). In contrast, PFOA levels were significantly lower in the urban children compared with the rural children. Significant positive correlation (R=0.53, P<0.05 for urban areas; R=0.71; P<0.001 for rural areas) between the PFOS and PFOA concentrations indicated they had similar sources. The PFOS and PFOA levels were higher in fingernail samples from children aged <9 years than in children aged ⩾9 years. In addition, females had higher PFOA levels than males, in both regions. Other factors that significantly influenced PFOS and PFOA levels were dietary habits and socio-economic background. The results of this study indicate fingernails are a suitable material for biomonitoring of PFCs environmental exposure. However, the levels determined in the fingernail samples need to be first evaluated with regard to the levels determined in other samples, such as human serum.     

快速城市化流域全氟化合物的污染特征及生态风险

为探究快速城市化地区城市河流中全氟化合物(PFCs)的污染特征, 于枯水期和丰水期分别采集深圳市观澜河干流的表层水样, 通过固相萃取法处理水样, 并利用超高效液相色谱–三重四级杆串联质谱(UPLCESI-MS/MS)技术分析 11 种PFCs的含量。结果表明, 丰水期和枯水期观澜河干流水体中PFCs的含量分别为179.15~613.68和37.04~103.70 ng/L。其中, 全氟己烷磺酸(PFHxS)、全氟丁烷磺酸(PFBS)、全氟己酸(PFHxA)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)是主要污染物。所采集的样品中, 丰水期PFCs的浓度高于枯水期, 下游采样点PFCs的浓度高于上中游河段。与已报道的其他水体相比, 由于流域的快速城市化, 观澜河水体的PFCs含量水平较高。生态风险评估表明, 水体中检出的PFCs均不会对水体造成生态风险。     

汉江水体和沉积物中全氟化合物的风险评估

采集汉江旱季和雨季的水样和沉积物,应用超高效液相色谱–三重四级杆质谱,对其中的11种全氟化合物(PFCs)进行检测,研究该区域全氟化合物的污染状况。结果表明,11种全氟化合物都有不同程度的检出,旱季和雨季水样中∑PFCs浓度分别为0.3~23.04和0.16~19.68 ng/L,沉积物中∑PFCs浓度分别为0~55.1和0.99~85.07 ng/g。水样总浓度的最高值出现在汉江汇入长江处的武汉,且武汉采样点的全氟辛酸(PFOA)浓度最高,旱、雨季分别达到22.52和12.52 ng/L。沉积物中总浓度最高值出现在陶岔,且以全氟庚酸(PFHp A)和全氟己酸(PFHx A)为主,沉积物中组分组成的季节差异不大。采用实际检测到的水样中PFOA、全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)、全氟壬酸(PFNA)、PFHx A和全氟葵酸(PFDA)的浓度以及沉积物中PFOA和PFOS的浓度,运用熵值法,对汉江流域进行全氟化合物污染的风险评估,结果表明,水体和沉积物中的浓度均未达到对生态环境具有风险的水平。     

Perfluorooctane sulfonate （PFOS） and related fluorochemicals in chicken egg in China

The ubiquitous occurrence of perfluorinated compounds （PFCs） in environmental samples has drawn much attention. Recent human exposure studies found relatively high perfluorooctane sulfonate （PFOS） concentrations in blood samples from several cities in China when compared with other countries. The objectives of the present study were： （1） to measure PFC concentrations and compositions in chicken egg samples from local markets in China; and （2） to conduct a preliminary human health risk assessment of egg consumption. Eight pooled egg samples from eight locations were analyzed for 11 PFCs. The results showed that close to 100% of the PFOS in the egg was distributed in egg yolk and PFOS was not detected in egg white （〈0.08 ng/g wet weight, w/w）. Of the perfluoroalkylsulfonates, only PFOS was detected in all egg samples, while of the perfluoroalkylcarboxylates, perfluoroundecanoic acid （PFUnDA） was detected in all samples, followed by perfluorooctanoate （PFOA） （75% occurrence） and perfluorodecanoic acid （PFDA） （50% occurrence）. PFOS concentrations in egg ranged from 45.0 to 86.9 ng/g w/w. The results suggested that current concentrations of PFOS in domestic chicken eggs are unlikely to cause immediate harm to Chinese populations.     

三丁基锡暴露对褐菖鲉肾脏抗氧化防御系统的影响

观察TBT(1、10、100 ng.L-1)对褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)肾脏的抗氧化防御系统的影响.在实验条件下,分别于暴露后7、25、50 d和恢复实验的7、20 d采样进行理化分析.结果显示褐菖鲉暴露于TBT之后,肾脏MDA含量显著升高,之后MDA水平恢复到与对照组相同的水平;GST活性基本上无明显变化;TBT的暴露导致GPx活性产生诱导升高;对GSH含量影响的除7d时1 ng.L-1组显著减少,在暴露期间基本上没有变化.结果说明,褐菖鲉肾脏抗氧化防御系统对环境水平的TBT暴露是敏感的,而肾脏存在着有效的机制抵御氧化胁迫.     

不同污染经历的玉米在高低温胁迫下SOD酶活性的变化

 利用经历过污染时间长度不同的2个玉米品种的各4个种群进行高低温胁迫后,测定其叶片SOD酶活性,根据其变化分析经历污染后的种群抵抗温度胁迫的能力的变化,结果表明:随着污染经历的延长,各玉米种群的抵抗高低温胁迫的能力均有增加,玉米对污染及温度胁迫的适应呈现一定的协同性.     

Perfluorinated compounds in milk,milk powder and yoghurt purchased from markets in China

The exposure to perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) through the diet for humans is of great concern. Among the diet, dairy products are in great demand. This paper reports the study on the levels of 9 perfluorinated acids and 2 fluorotelomer acids in milk, milk powder and yoghurt purchased from Chinese markets from 2008 to 2009. The analytes were quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). In milk samples, perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) and perf...     

Characteristics of distribution and seasonal variation of aerosol optical depth in eastern China with MODIS products

The accuracy of MODIS aerosol products from the NASA Terra Satellite is validated in comparison with the results of sun-photometer observations in Beijing and Hong Kong. By analyzing the MODIS aerosol products within the period of August 2000 to April 2003, it is believed that human activities are the main source of aerosols in the eastern part of China. This is based on the facts that all areas with relatively high values are consistent with regions of dense population and fast economic development, such as the North China Plain, the Sichuan Basin and the Pearl River Delta. It is also supported by the distribution of 舗gstr鰉 exponents showing that most aerosols in the eastern part of China are closely related to human activities, excepting the strong sandstorm episodes occurring in spring, fall and winter. In contrast to developed countries, the 舗gstr鰉 exponent of urban area in China is lower than its surroundings, indicating that the contribution of local floating dust and soot attributed to human activities is significant. Results presented in this paper provide important data for further research on climatic change and environmental study.     

江苏区域旅游发展现状评价研究

江苏全省面积10.26×104km2,2004年末总人口为7432.50万人,行政区划下辖13个省辖市.由于地理位置、历史沿革、自然条件和经济发展等方面的差异,江苏全省通常被分为苏北、苏中和苏南三大区域.从分析旅游产业规模、接待游客人数、旅游收入等方面的实际指标入手,构建了城市旅游发展评价的三级指标体系,并采用层次分析法(AHP)测算指标权重、采用熵技术对权系数进行修正,从而得到相应的区域旅游发展综合评价模型.在此基础上,根据2004年江苏13个省辖市各方面的统计数据进行计算和层次聚类,得出可以将江苏区域旅游发展现状分为5个层级:苏州、南京为第一层级,无锡为第二层级,镇江、常州、扬州为第三层级,南通、徐州、连云港为第四层级,淮安、盐城、泰州、宿迁相对落后为第五层级.     

基于SLAF-seq的天竺桂群体遗传变异分析

【目的】探讨我国天竺桂资源的遗传多样性及群体的空间分布格局。【方法】分别对来自7个天然群体的30份天竺桂资源进行特异位点扩增片段测序(specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing, SLAF-seq)。基于检测到的SNP位点信息进行遗传变异分析。【结果】各样品的平均测序深度为15.11倍,开发获得 1 296 000个SLAF标签,其中377 250个SLAF标签在不同样品间具有多态性,共包含3 409 402个群体SNP,经过滤,最终获得268 821个高度一致性的群体SNP。基于这些SNP的系统进化分析发现,天竺桂是由中国东部向中国西部逐渐进化的。系统进化、主成分分析和群体结构分析均表明,来自5省(直辖市)7个天然群体的群体内变异小于群体间变异。30份天竺桂资源可分为2个大的亚群,其中,第1亚群位于中国第2阶梯上,第2亚群位于中国第3阶梯上,2个亚群间被大兴安岭—太行山脉—巫山—雪峰山山脉阻隔。第2亚群又可进一步分为3个小亚群,其中,来自浙江省和安徽桃岭的为第1个小亚群,来自安徽霍山的为第2个小亚群,而来自河南伏牛山的为第3个小亚群,第1个和第2个小亚群间被长江阻隔。【结论】山脉和湖泊的阻隔可能是造成天竺桂遗传分化的重要因素。本研究首次揭示天竺桂遗传结构及地理变化规律,为我国天竺桂资源的有效利用与科学保护提供理论依据。     

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other fluorochemicals in viscera and muscle of farmed pigs and chickens in Beijing,China

Eleven perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were determined in tissue samples from farmed pigs and chickens (n=143) that were purchased in Beijing in March 2009. The total PFCs mean concentration was the highest in pig liver (3.438 ng g^–1 wet weight (ww)), followed by pig kidney (0.508 ng g^–1 (ww)), pig heart (0.167 ng g^–1 (ww)), chicken liver (0.098 ng g^–1 (ww)), chicken heart (0.050 ng g^–1 (ww)), pork loin (0.018 ng g^–1 (ww)), and chicken breast (0.012 ng g^–1 (ww)). Among the PFCs analyzed, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant compound in viscera and muscle of farmed pigs and chickens. In addition, a strong linear correlation (r = 0.932) was observed between the concentrations of PFOS and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) in pig liver. Our preliminary conclusion is that there is little potential risk of exposure to PFCs via the consumption of these products in Beijing.     

基于GSS布设方案研究我国区域SISE的监测

文章基于现有40 GALILEO GSSs的布设方案,利用模拟数据,分析了我国及周边地区监测的SISE小于70 cm;假设我国周围某一GSS出现故障,其余GSSs监测SISE的精度,分析得出Kra或Lus发生故障时,局部区域SISE的监测超过70 cm,有必要增设GSS;以我国的IGS作为候选GSS,研究区域监测SISE的可靠性,分析得出URUM和XIAN联合40 GSSs,其监测的精度较高,可靠性较大,是GSS理想的候选站。     

江苏地区汉族人群六个短串联重复基因座的群体遗传学研究

采用复合扩增、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分型和银染显示的方法,对江苏地区汉族人群中111个无关个体的6个短串联联重复（STR）基因座（CSF1,TPOX,TH01,D16S539,D7S820和D13S317）进行了群体遗传学研究。经X^1检验。6个基因座的基因型频率符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律（P＞0．05）。它们的联合个体识别率（DP）值＞0．9999;联合非父排除率（PE）值＞0．9882。这6个基因座在江苏地区汉族人群中显示了高度的多态性和良好的鉴别能力,在法医学个人识别及亲子鉴定中有很高的应用价值。     

SARS相关冠状病毒刺突糖蛋白的研究(综述)

概述了SARS—CoV的S蛋白的结构及功能相关研究。严重急性呼吸综合症相关的冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)引起2003年我国南方非典型肺炎爆发流行，波及多个国家和地区。目前全球许多学对SARS-CoV进行了广泛的研究，发现S蛋白是病毒表面的主要蛋白，它构成冠状病毒科特征性的冠状样结构，在严重急性呼吸综合症的发病机制起着关键性作用，可介导表达相关受体的宿主细胞感染。现已鉴定出SARS-CoV的S蛋白相关受体，同时它在抗病毒感染中是一个关键靶蛋白。     

A Preliminary Study of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) in the Endangered Aquatic Quillwort Isoetes sinensis Palmer in China

Isoetes sinensis Palmer (Isoetaceae) is an aquatic or amphibious plant that is critically endangered in China. Previous studies have revealed the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)-like photosynthetic pathway occurs commonly in submerged leaves in genus Isoetes. Water chemistry parameters and the titratable acidity content of the plant extract were measured from samples obtained in the early morning (7:00) and late afternoon (15:00) from two I. sinensis populations in China. One population occurs in the eulittoral zone of a freshwater tidal river at low elevation (134 m) and another occurs in a densely vegetated, high elevation (1 100 m) alpine shallow pool. Significant differences in pH and titratable acidity of the plant extract were detected between the morning and afternoon samples. These changes are associated with diurnal changes in water chemistry. Our results provide the first evidence for the existence of the CAM pathway in the East Asian endemic Isoetes sinensis Palmer. The magnitude of fluctu     

华南地区汉族人群MDR1基因单核苷酸多态性研究

 多药耐药基因1（MDR1）单核苷酸多态性（SNP）与疾病的易感性、药物治疗效果以及患者的生存复发等预后密切相关。采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）和聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性（PCR-SSCP）方法,对华南地区无亲缘关系的汉族人群MDR1基因编码区及部分启动子区进行SNP筛查,并比较不同人种间等位基因频率的差异。结果共检测出5个多态位点：T-2410C、T-129C、C1236T、G2677T/A和C3435T,其等位基因频率-2410C为4.65%,-129C为3.11%,1236T为63.31%,2677T为44.66%,2677A为14.47%,3435T为41.18%。除T-2410C位点因报道的太少无法比较外,其余位点等位基因频率在东亚、高加索以及非洲人群中的分布存在显著差异。该研究为进一步研究华南地区汉族人群MDR1基因SNP与药物效果、药物毒副作用以及疾病易感性之间的相关性提供依据。     

中国江苏地区汉人群五个高多态性短串联重复序列(STR)基因座基因频率分布调查

为选择有较好基因频率分布的短串联重复序列遗传标记,对中国江苏地区随机汉族人群的D5S818、D19S253、D12S391、D2S1338和D22S684 5个微卫星基因座进行了基因频率分布调查,并评估它们作为法医遗传标记在中国江苏地区汉族群体中的效能.采用Chelex-100法从中国江苏地区无血缘关系汉族个体的血样本105份中提取DNA,特异引物聚合酶链反应,产物经6%变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离,银染检测.这5个STR基因座在中国江苏地区汉人群均显具有高度遗传多态性并符合Hardy-Weinberg定律,它们的个人识别率(DP)范围从D5S818的0.892 8到D2S1338的0.952 7,非父排除率(PE)范围从D5S818的0.538 5到D2S1338的0.690 7不等.5个基因座的联合DP值和联合PE分别为0.999 997和0.991 8.在D22S684基因座,首次在汉人群报道的等位基因频率分布与英国Caucasian,Afro-Caribbean和Asian from the Indian 3个人群相比较,卡方检验有显著差异(P《0.005).为常规应用这8个STR遗传标记在中国江苏地区汉人群中进行亲子鉴定和个人识别提供了概率计算依据和群体遗传学数据.     

社会经济状况对中国不同卵性类型双生子出生率的影响

选用中国市、镇、乡育龄妇女1989年全年生产的双生子数据。用Weinberg差别法进行双生子卵性分类，分析社会经济状况对中国女性各年龄阶段生产DZ和MZ双生子出生率的影响。结果表明：中国镇妇女在各个年龄阶段生产的DZ双生子出生率普遍高于其他群体，而乡DZ双生子出生率最低，各群体DZ双生子出生率随女性生育年龄变化模式在30～34岁组以前相似，其后有一定差异，特别是高生育年龄阶段乡与市镇之间的差异；虽然普遍认为MZ双生子出生率较少受外界因素影响。但本文发现MZ双生子出生率不仅受女性较高生育年龄(30～34岁组以上)的影响，而且在较高生育年龄阶段还受女性所处的社会经济状况的影响。     

1976年以来丹顶鹤在我国的分布变迁及就地保护状况

目的 了解近40年来丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)在我国的主要分布情况及变化,探讨我国现阶段丹顶鹤的就地保护状况,分析丹顶鹤分布变迁的可能原因,为今后丹顶鹤的保护和研究提供理论基础。方法 基于1976年《中国鸟类分布名录》中记述我国丹顶鹤的分布情况,通过文献查询、部门咨询等方式,系统搜集丹顶鹤的历史分布资料,将分布信息按照时间顺序进行分类,分析丹顶鹤繁殖地、越冬地分布的时空变化特征,比较不同时间阶段丹顶鹤保护区的就地保护成效。结果 自1976年以来,我国丹顶鹤新的分布地在多个省区逐渐增加,截至2019年,有丹顶鹤分布记录的自然保护区达119个,分布在16个省区,丹顶鹤繁殖与越冬分布界限也发生了改变。其中,丹顶鹤繁殖分布区由以往广泛分布于我国东部区域转换为现在集中分布的繁殖地所在自然保护区,丹顶鹤越冬分布区由以往长江中下游的多地分布转换为现在的三地分布,即盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区、黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区、辽河口国家级自然保护区。目前,全国已建立57个丹顶鹤保护区,国家级、省级、县市级自然保护区的数量分别为30、18、9个,各占总数的52.6%、31.6%、15.8%。结论 近40年来,我国丹顶鹤种群的新分布时有报道,其分布现状已经发生了较大变化。由此推测,人为因素的干扰与自然气候的变化是导致丹顶鹤分布变迁的主要原因,自然保护区的管理、其他突发事件也共同影响着丹顶鹤的分布。