黄龙山林区白皮松天然次生林生长规律研究

【目的】为实现陕西省白皮松天然次生林的合理经营,建立符合其生长规律的模型,为科学抚育较大树龄的天然次生林提供决策依据。【方法】以陕西省黄龙山林区白皮松天然次生林为研究对象,选择标准木进行树干解析,采用人工神经网络(ANN)和3种常见的理论函数建立了胸径、树高、材积生长模型,并绘制生长曲线图对林区内白皮松天然次生林生长规律进行分析。【结果】①采用人工神经网络建模技术构建的胸径生长量模型、树高生长量模型、材积生长量模型优于3种传统模型。②所建神经网络模型在拟合生长缓慢的白皮松生长过程方面具有较好的应用推广能力。③白皮松胸径速生期为30~60 a,胸径连年生长量在120 a达到最大值;20~30 a为树高生长的速生期,树高连年生长量在30 a达到最大值;白皮松材积生长速生期为110~130 a,材积连年生长量在130 a达到最大值。在135 a时,黄龙山林区白皮松还未达到数量成熟龄。【结论】所建神经网络模型能为黄龙山林区白皮松古树研究奠定基础,生长规律的研究可以为不同阶段白皮松经营提供参考。     

杉木中幼林抚育间伐试验调查分析

对初植密度为3000株/hm2的7～9a生杉木林进行不同始伐时间、不同间伐强度试验,结果表明：在预定时间和间伐强度范围内,始伐时间越早或间伐强度越大,林分平均胸径、树高、材积的增幅也越大,经济效益越高。其中以7a生间伐强度30%对林分的胸径、树高、材积的生长效应最明显,以7a生间伐强度20%的林分蓄积量为最大。因此,以培育大中径材为目标,则适宜的初次间伐方案为始伐期7a、强度间伐30%,若培育中小径材的林分,则宜为始伐期7a、强度间伐20%。     

美洲黑杨×欧美杨杂种无性系生长分析

对16个美洲黑杨(Populus deltoides Marsh.)×欧美杨(P.×euramericana)无性系单株进行了树干解析,计算树高、胸径和材积的平均生长量、连年生长量与胸高形数;得到对树高、胸径和材积历年生长的拟合Logistic生长曲线。结果表明:(1)无性系748、893和6585干形最好,其胸高形数都在06以上;(2)树高、胸径和材积的生长用Logistic方程拟合精度高,R2分别为09999、09980和09956;(3)树高、胸径和材积速生点分别为:第3、4、9年,速生期分别为1~6、1~7、5~13a,最大生长速率分别为:275m／a、359cm／a和0081m3／a.     

湿加松F1杂种家系年度生长相关及其早期选择

通过对湿加松(湿地松×洪都拉斯加勒比松)家系间早晚生长性状的相关性研究表明,18个湿加松家系的树高、胸径、材积差异均极显著;各家系树高、胸径、材积的年度相关主要受遗传影响;造林后第2年的树高、第3年的胸径和材积估计造林后10 a的材积均具有极显著的相关性,而且选择效率最高,表明湿加松家系在造林后2 a可进行早期选择.湿加松早期选择的方法是:在2年生时根据树高生长量淘汰早期生长较差的家系.淘汰率为30%以内;在6年生时根据材积生长量选择生长最优的家系,入选率为35%以内.     

马尾松子代测定及优良家系选择

以15 a生马尾松子代林为研究对象,通过调查51个家系及1个对照的树高、胸径、地径等生长性状,计算其家系遗传力、单株遗传力、变异系数等遗传参数.结果表明:不同家系间树高、胸径、材积等性状存在极显著差异;树高、胸径、材积变异系数分别为12.37%,27.55%和57.85%,优树子代性状生长表现较好,具有较大的遗传变异潜力;树高、胸径和材积的家系遗传力分别高达79.87%,65.23%和66.6%.以各性状平均值+1/4标准差为临界值,按材积、胸径、树高4∶3∶3进行综合评价,选择7个生长表现好的家系,其树高、胸径、材积平均值为11.08 m,14.45 cm和0.095 9 m3,分别比对照高6.6%,21.3%和37.8%,平均遗传增益分别为4.22%,7.84%和18.29%.     

木兰科鹅掌楸的树干解析研究

对鹅掌楸属马褂木进行树干解析研究生长规律,可为其生产管理提供更好的理论和实践基础。采集1棵生长年龄为18 a的标准木,按树干解析步骤,截取圆盘获取数据。研究结果表明:18 a生中国马褂木树高13.6 m,胸径30.2 cm,材积0.53 m~3,生长总量始终保持较快增长,表现出良好的环境适应性;树高、胸径连年生长量和平均生长量均表现出先上升,再下降的趋势;材积连年生长量与材积平均生长量曲线未相交,说明尚未到达其数量成熟龄。前18 a树高生长率小于胸径生长率,以胸径生长为主,胸径形数显示该树种干形稳定。     

红松半同胞家系生长性状变异分析与优良家系选择

【目的】分析红松(Pinus koraiensis)半同胞家系生长性状的遗传变异,选择优良家系,为红松高世代遗传改良提供材料。【方法】以吉林露水河国家红松良种基地内红松半同胞家系子代测定林为研究对象,对34个家系(包括对照1个)不同林龄(18、23、27 a)时期的生长性状进行家系间差异性比较、遗传参数估算、表型相关与遗传相关分析,综合各林龄阶段家系生长表现,以材积和育种值为主要指标进行优良家系选择。【结果】不同林龄时期,树高、胸径、材积的家系间差异均达到极显著水平。材积家系间差异主要受遗传效应影响,随林龄增长,作用逐渐加强。树高与胸径主要受遗传效应、遗传与环境互作效应共同影响,冠幅主要受环境效应影响。4个性状中,树高变异相对较小,材积变异较大。树高、胸径、材积受较强遗传控制,冠幅受中低遗传控制。林龄18~23 a时,树高、胸径、材积的家系遗传力呈下降趋势;林龄23~27 a时,遗传力变幅较小,表现趋于稳定。遗传进展变化趋势与遗传变异系数变化趋势一致,表现为树高、胸径、材积随林龄增长有所下降,林龄23 a后变幅缩小,基本稳定。生长性状间表型相关与遗传相关均表现为正相关关系。胸径与材积遗传相关达到极显著水平;树高与材积遗传相关随林龄增长逐渐减弱;冠幅与材积遗传相关随林龄增长逐渐加强。对参试家系3个林龄时期的生长表现进行综合分析与评价,筛选出优良家系2个,二者材积均值高出对照25.84%,高出参试家系平均值50.00%,高出表现较差的1331号家系114.29%。【结论】所选1302号、1046号优良家系材积现实增益显著,可为红松高世代育种提供基础材料,对今后红松生长性状的遗传改良以及大径材定向培育等具有积极意义。     

主伐龄期马尾松半同胞子代测定林的变异分析及选择

为了评价和筛选优良马尾松种质资源,对3块已达主伐年龄(27、28、29 a)的马尾松半同胞子代测定林生长及形质性状进行分析和遗传评估。结果表明:各子代测定林生长和形质性状在家系间差异均达显著或极显著水平,家系的树高、胸径、材积、冠幅、枝下高受中度或中度以上遗传控制,具有很强的家系及家系内单株选择潜力; 遗传和表型变异系数以材积最大,胸径居中,树高较小。性状间表型和遗传相关分析表明,树高、胸径、材积之间呈强度遗传和表型正相关关系,冠幅、枝下高与各生长性状间呈中等偏上的正相关。利用多性状综合选择指数法评选出21个马尾松优良家系,其平均树高、胸径和材积分别为14.05 m、17.07 cm和0.157 6 m³,平均遗传增益分别为7.65%、12.33%和39.21%。利用家系-单株联合选择法评选出54个优良单株,其平均树高、胸径和材积分别达到15.53 m、24.98 cm和0.341 4 m³,平均遗传增益为13.61%、44.95%和164.98%。试验结果可为西南地区马尾松种子园定向培育供应良种,也可用于选择高世代种子园的建园材料。     

构树生长特性研究

本文采集贵阳市花溪区3株构树,通过树干解析方法,研究其树木生长特性。结果表明:构树生长快,11年生时构树单株平均胸径总生长量已达17.35 cm、胸径连年生长量大,一般1.5 cm左右,树高总生长量13.43 m、材积总生长量0.1572m3,胸径速生期在5-7 a。     

闽楠优树子代测定林生长性状差异及聚类分析

调查分析福建省永安国有林场8个种源43个家系的8 a生闽楠优树子代测定林.结果表明:不同家系间胸径、树高、材积等性状生长差异极显著.平均胸径6.14 cm,变异系数23.35%;平均树高4.98 m,变异系数21.16%;平均材积0.009 1 m3,变异系数60.11%.不同家系胸径、树高、材积的遗传力分别是86.32%,96.23%,88.84%.对胸径、树高、材积进行系统聚类分析、综合排序,开展闽楠优良家系选择.入选家系按排序分别为NP606,NP617,NP607,NP602,Sx04,Yp602,NP608,NP601,入选的优良家系可用作闽楠育种群体和无性繁殖材料.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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