埃博拉病毒病：流行病学、生态学、诊断、治疗及控制

 埃博拉病毒（Ebolavirus）是埃博拉病毒病（Ebola Virus Disease, EVD）的病原体,1976 年首次在非洲发现,目前确认该病毒包括5 个种,其中苏丹型（Sudan ebolavirus）、扎伊尔型（Zaire ebolavirus）、塔伊森林型（Taï Forest ebolavirus）和本迪布焦型（Bundibugyo ebolavirus）均有感染人发病的记录;莱斯顿型（Reston ebolavirus）可致人隐性感染,并与多起猕猴暴发疫情有关,曾在菲律宾的猪中检出。人类埃博拉病毒病的病死率为25%~90%,疫情均发生在非洲,主要集中在10°N-10°S 的非洲地区,本次西非疫情是规模最大的暴发流行,截至2014 年8 月20 日已报告2615 例病例。该病是动物源性传染病,目前证据支持果蝠可能为病毒的自然储存宿主。该病在人群中主要通过接触传播,有症状的病人才具有传染性。未采取正确防护措施的医护人员、家庭护理人员及接触病人血液、体液,或接触病人血液、体液等污染的物品,或接触病例尸体的人是高风险感染人群。本病起病急,早期表现为发热、厌食、虚弱无力等非特异性症状,可通过检测病毒核酸、抗原、抗体等方法确诊。目前尚无批准上市的特效药和疫苗,以对症和支持治疗为主。预防控制策略主要包括早期发现病例、及时调查处置、追踪和密切观察接触者,以及有效的医院内和社区的感染控制。     

诺丽果汁防治埃博拉出血热的研究

目的——寻找防治艾滋病与埃博拉出血热具有潜在价值的天然植物。方法——应用量子共振检测技术作前瞻性的筛选。结果——测得诺丽果汁抵制埃博拉病毒与提升人体免疫功能均有较高量价。结论——诺丽果汁对防治埃博拉出血热均有潜在应用价值。     

3问“埃博拉”

正根据世界卫生组织8月13日公布的数据,西非地区埃博拉病毒确诊、疑似和可能感染病例已达2127例,死亡1145人。尽管致死率如此之高,但一些医学专家表示,人们无须对埃博拉过度恐慌。因为埃博拉病毒主要通过接触传播,本身传播率较差,并没有那么可怕。实际上,对于埃博拉疫区以外的地区,有一些病毒威胁更甚。这些病毒的致死率可能不如埃博拉病毒那么高,但它们的流行率却更高,而且每年死于这些病毒的人数也远远多于埃博拉。那么,你是否知道——     

埃博拉病毒入侵宿主细胞的分子机制

 埃博拉病毒是一类能够感染并引起人和灵长类动物发生埃博拉出血热的烈性囊膜病毒。发现近40年中,埃博拉病毒给人类生命带来了极大威胁。然而,目前人们对于埃博拉病毒的了解非常有限,尤其是病毒与其宿主细胞受体的结合机制和膜融合机制相关信息的缺失,使得针对埃博拉病毒的特效药物的设计和研发工作阻碍重重。本文综述了埃博拉病毒分类、形态、病毒蛋白和病毒生命周期,着重介绍了高福院士团队在埃博拉病毒入侵宿主细胞的分子机制研究中的成果。通过结构学手段解析了埃博拉病毒激活态囊膜糖蛋白GPcl与宿主细胞受体NPC1分子的复合物结构,从原子水平上阐明了埃博拉病毒与宿主细胞相互识别的机制,并在结构基础上对病毒的膜融合促发机制做出推测,提出以埃博拉病毒为代表的新的（第5种）囊膜病毒膜融合激发机制,为抗埃博拉病毒药物和疫苗的设计提供了结构基础。     

科技事件

提高实验室安全意识3月12日,德国汉堡Bernhard Nocht热带医学研究所的一名女科学家被含有埃博拉病毒的注射器刺到,被怀疑已经感染埃博拉病毒。这一事件受到科学界普遍关注,使得实验室安全问题再次进入人们的视野。     

科技界声音

正目前的资料表明,此次在西非国家大流行的埃博拉病毒,与前几次造成大流行的埃博拉病毒相比,并没有出现大的变异,也没有证据表明在西非国家流行的埃博拉病毒会通过空气在人际间传播。——军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所教授杨瑞馥《科技日报》[2014-08-03]如果以科学性、应用性、趣味性、艺图片来源:《科技日报》     

埃博拉病毒感染数量的一个数学模型

埃博拉病毒病(EVD)是严重的、往往致命的人类疾病,病死率高达90%.埃博拉病毒病疫情主要发生在中非和西非靠近热带雨林的边远村庄.该病毒通过野生动物传到人,并且通过人际间传播在人群中蔓延.病情严重的患者需要获得重症支持治疗,无论对人还是对动物都无可用的已获正式许可的特异性治疗办法或者疫苗.由于缺乏有效的治疗手段和人用疫苗,提高对感染埃博拉危险因素的认识以及个人可以采取一些保护措施,这是减少人类感染和死亡的唯一方法.本文建立一个埃博拉病毒的数学模型,对疫情进行实证分析;并且对疫情的发展也做了一个预测.     

热点排行

正(新闻时段2014-08-21至2014-08-31)1中国研制的埃博拉病毒检测试剂获批生产[核心媒体报道频次:22/30]21日,军事医学科学院放射与辐射医学研究所根据埃博拉病毒基因序列研制具有自主知识产权的"埃博拉病毒核酸检测试剂"通过总后勤部卫生部专家评审,并获得正式生产批文,将在深圳市普瑞康生物技术有限公司生产,为我国埃博拉病毒的早期诊断和防控提供重要技术储备。该试剂盒采用的"复合探针"技术来自王升启团队发明的新型核酸检测专利。     

埃博拉病毒

正埃博拉出血热是由埃博拉病毒引起的一种急性出血性传染病。因其极高的致死率而被世界卫生组织列为对人类危害最严重的烈性传染病之一。由于埃博拉病毒致死率极高,加上目前尚未有任何疫苗被证实有效,被列为生物安全第四级病毒。该病致死率高达50%~90%。埃博拉出血热于1976年在非洲首次发现,目前主要在乌干达、刚果、加蓬、苏丹、科特迪瓦、南非、几内亚、利比里亚、塞拉利昂等非洲国家流行。埃博拉病毒可分为扎伊尔型、苏丹     

法国成功开发埃博拉快速检测仪

<正>法国原子能委员会开发出一种可快速检测埃博拉病毒的小型仪器,已经过让·梅里厄P4生物安全实验室的技术检验,证明对目前西非地区的埃博拉病毒有效。据法国原子能委员会介绍,这种被命名为"Ebola e ZYSCREEN"的小型仪器在外形和操作方法上与市面上的快速验孕棒几乎相同。该仪器在使用时对所处环境没有特殊要求,也不需要借助其他设备,只需将被检验者的一滴血液、血浆或尿液滴在检验槽内,检测结果便会于15分钟之内在仪器观察窗内显现。若观察窗内出现两条横杠,表示     

Accelerated vaccination for Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever in non-human primates

Containment of highly lethal Ebola virus outbreaks poses a serious public health challenge. Although an experimental vaccine has successfully protected non-human primates against disease, more than six months was required to complete the immunizations, making it impractical to limit an acute epidemic. Here, we report the development of accelerated vaccination against Ebola virus in non-human primates. The antibody response to immunization with an adenoviral (ADV) vector encoding the Ebola glycoprotein (GP) was induced more rapidly than with DNA priming and ADV boosting, but it was of lower magnitude. To determine whether this earlier immune response could nonetheless protect against disease, cynomolgus macaques were challenged with Ebola virus after vaccination with ADV-GP and nucleoprotein (NP) vectors. Protection was highly effective and correlated with the generation of Ebola-specific CD8(+) T-cell and antibody responses. Even when animals were immunized once with ADV-GP/NP and challenged 28 days later, they remained resistant to challenge with either low or high doses of virus. This accelerated vaccine provides an intervention that may help to limit the epidemic spread of Ebola, and is applicable to other viruses.     

Spontaneous and continuous anti-virus disinfection from nonstoichiometric perovskite-type lanthanum manganese oxide

Viral pathogens have threatened human being's health for a long time, from periodically breakout flu epidemics to recent rising Ebola virus disease. Herein, we report a new application of nonstoichiometric Perovskite-type LaxMn O3(x ? 1, 0.95, and 0.9) compounds in spontaneous and continuous disinfection of viruses. Perovskite-type LaxMn O3(x ? 1, 0.95, and 0.9) is well-known for their catalytic properties involving oxidization reactions, which are usually utilized as electrodes in fuel cells. By utilizing superb oxidative ability of LaxMn O3(x ? 1, 0.95, and 0.9),amino acid residues in viral envelope proteins are oxidized, thus envelope proteins are denatured and infectivity of the virus is neutralized. It is of great importance that this process does not require external energy sources like light or heat. The A/PR/8/34H1N1 influenza A virus(PR8) was employed as the sample virus in our demonstration, and high-throughput disinfections were observed. The efficiency of disinfection was correlated to oxidative ability of LaxMn O3(x ? 1, 0.95, and 0.9) by EPR and H2-TPR results that La0.9Mn O3 had the highest oxidative ability and correspondingly gave out the best disinfecting results within three nonstoichiometric compounds. Moreover, denaturation of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, the two key envelope proteins of influenza A viruses, was demonstrated by HA unit assay with chicken red blood cells and NA fluorescence assay, respectively. This unique disinfecting application of La0.9Mn O3 is considered as a great make up to current sterilizing methods especially to photocatalyst based disinfectants and can be widely applied to cut-off spread routes of viruses, either viral aerosol or contaminated fluid, and help in controlling the possibly upcoming epidemics like flus and hemorrhagic fever.     

Structure of the Ebola virus glycoprotein bound to an antibody from a human survivor

Ebola virus (EBOV) entry requires the surface glycoprotein (GP) to initiate attachment and fusion of viral and host membranes. Here we report the crystal structure of EBOV GP in its trimeric, pre-fusion conformation (GP1+GP2) bound to a neutralizing antibody, KZ52, derived from a human survivor of the 1995 Kikwit outbreak. Three GP1 viral attachment subunits assemble to form a chalice, cradled by the GP2 fusion subunits, while a novel glycan cap and projected mucin-like domain restrict access to the conserved receptor-binding site sequestered in the chalice bowl. The glycocalyx surrounding GP is likely central to immune evasion and may explain why survivors have insignificant neutralizing antibody titres. KZ52 recognizes a protein epitope at the chalice base where it clamps several regions of the pre-fusion GP2 to the amino terminus of GP1. This structure provides a template for unravelling the mechanism of EBOV GP-mediated fusion and for future immunotherapeutic development.     

针阵列对板电晕放电对副流感病毒灭活的研究

副流感病毒(PIV)液膜或气溶胶经过针阵列对板电晕放电处理,对收集处理前后的病毒液进行血凝效价和血红蛋白值(OD值)分析,确证非热放电对病毒的灭活作用.结果显示,液膜中87.5%以上的病毒经15 min放电处理即被灭活;气溶胶中50%以上的病毒经一次放电处理后即被灭活.分析认为,非热放电产生的高能电子、紫外光及自由基对空气中携带的PIV病毒具有高效的灭活作用;针阵列对板电晕放电电场同时有利于高效捕获空气中的PIV病毒载体,从而在放电场中灭活PIV病毒.     

2013 年昆明地区实验用小鼠及豚鼠寄生虫及病毒感染情况调查

摘要: 目的 分别调查昆明市三家单位提供的共 90 只实验用 ICR 小鼠和 45 只实验用豚鼠的体内、外寄生虫感染 情况,以及小鼠及豚鼠仙台病毒(SeV)、小鼠肝炎病毒(MHV)、豚鼠淋巴细胞脉络丛脑膜炎(LCMV) 的感染情况, 为实验动物质量管理提供一定的参考依据。方法 根据现行国家标准所描述的方法及病毒检测试剂盒说明书的 说明,对昆明市三家单位随机提供的共 90 只 ICR 小鼠和 45 只豚鼠样本,分别进行体内、外寄生虫、小鼠 MHV 及小 鼠 SeV、豚鼠 LCMV 及豚鼠 SeV 的检测。结果 昆明地区实验用小鼠及实验用豚鼠均检出体内、外寄生虫;3 只小 鼠检测出体外寄生虫,检出率为 3. 3% ;20 只小鼠检测出体内寄生虫卵,检出率为 22. 2% ; 4 只豚鼠检测出体外寄 生虫,检出率为 8. 9% ;9 只豚鼠检测出体内寄生虫卵,检出率为 20. 0% ;小鼠 MHV 及 SeV 血清学检测无阳性; 豚 鼠 LCMV、SeV 血清学检测无阳性。结论 实验动物质量监测是实验动物质量控制的有效手段,对医学及生命科学 的研究至关重要,昆明地区实验动物的寄生虫质量控制有待加强。     

Ebola virus entry requires the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1

Infections by the Ebola and Marburg filoviruses cause a rapidly fatal haemorrhagic fever in humans for which no approved antivirals are available. Filovirus entry is mediated by the viral spike glycoprotein (GP), which attaches viral particles to the cell surface, delivers them to endosomes and catalyses fusion between viral and endosomal membranes. Additional host factors in the endosomal compartment are probably required for viral membrane fusion; however, despite considerable efforts, these critical host factors have defied molecular identification. Here we describe a genome-wide haploid genetic screen in human cells to identify host factors required for Ebola virus entry. Our screen uncovered 67 mutations disrupting all six members of the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein-sorting (HOPS) multisubunit tethering complex, which is involved in the fusion of endosomes to lysosomes, and 39 independent mutations that disrupt the endo/lysosomal cholesterol transporter protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1). Cells defective for the HOPS complex or NPC1 function, including primary fibroblasts derived from human Niemann-Pick type C1 disease patients, are resistant to infection by Ebola virus and Marburg virus, but remain fully susceptible to a suite of unrelated viruses. We show that membrane fusion mediated by filovirus glycoproteins and viral escape from the vesicular compartment require the NPC1 protein, independent of its known function in cholesterol transport. Our findings uncover unique features of the entry pathway used by filoviruses and indicate potential antiviral strategies to combat these deadly agents.     

斑点免疫结合法检测3种植物病毒

研究了改进的斑点免疫结合法在检测芜菁花叶病毒、烟草花叶病毒和小西葫芦黄化花叶病毒中的应用.无论是使用全抗血清还是纯化的免疫球蛋白,检测感染组织粗汁液中的病毒或纯化的病毒,均获得了满意的结果.同时进行的斑点免疫结合试验、酶联免疫吸附试验和免疫吸附电子显微术等的比较结果表明:无论是检测纯化病毒还是感染组织粗汁液中的病毒,斑点免疫结合法的检测敏感性均优于后2种方法,病毒的可测感度芜菁花叶病毒为0.65ng,烟草花叶病毒为0.39 ng,小西葫芦黄化花叶病毒为0.45 ng;应用碱性磷酸酶标记抗体及羟基吲哚磷酸盐和氮兰四唑为底物较为合适,这种底物可在室温下长期保存,并且反应产物为不褪色的紫色,易于观察和保存.