Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin,China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation potential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin, China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation po- tential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

苏北盆地泰州组原油中芴系列的特征与意义

 苏北盆地是中国东部唯一发现的上白垩统自生自储工业油藏的盆地。通过分析上白垩统泰州组20个油砂和1个原油样品芳烃化合物,发现芳烃馏分以三芳甾烷系列为主,指示母质沉积水体咸化和原油低成熟。来源于高等植物的生物标志物丰度低,反映原油母质以腐泥型为主。芳烃各组分相对含量、三芴系列相对含量和比值、二苯并噻吩/菲等参数反映了原油母质总体形成于强还原的咸水环境,不同地区的还原性存在差异。海安凹陷和高邮凹陷北坡的泰州组原油同属一族群,而吴堡低凸起泰州组原油属于另一族群。利用甲基二苯并噻吩比值换算的镜质组反射率（R_o）,推测海安凹陷泰州组原油来源于泰州组未-低熟烃源灶,高邮凹陷北坡的泰州组原油来源于就近泰州组的低熟烃源灶,而吴堡低凸起泰州组原油来源于邻区高邮深凹成熟的阜宁组烃源灶。研究结果对指导油气勘探具有实际意义。     

塔东北孔雀河地区油气成藏过程重建

塔里木盆地东北的孔雀河地区在区域构造上横跨满加尔坳陷和孔雀河斜坡两个二级构造单元,地质条件比较复杂,长期的构造演化、多期的构造运动及生排烃史造成油气勘探难度较大,油气分布规律很不清晰.作者从孔雀1井、英南2井、龙口1井、满东1井等含油气构造的构造演化出发,分析了成藏演化过程,总结了孔雀河地区油气成藏演化模式,认为主要成藏期为喜马拉雅期.寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩处于过成熟阶段;侏罗系烃源岩成熟度低,分布局限,贡献不大.孔雀河地区油气源主要为早期古油藏裂解气.     

英台断陷深层天然气成因分析及气源对比

松辽盆地南部深层天然气资源丰富,但其烃类气既存在有机成因气(包括油型气和煤型气),亦存在无机成因,还存在混合成因,在同位素序列上常表现为部分倒转和完全倒转。为了明确英台断陷天然气的成因及来源,根据烃源岩的地化指标、天然气组分、碳同位素以及轻烃指纹对研究区的天然气成因类型加以分析,并进行气源对比。研究表明,英台断陷烃类气为凝析油伴生气和煤型气的混合,其中南部洼槽天然气主要来自于沙河子组,而北部则来自于营城组。通过判定天然气成因的类型和识别气源方向,有利于加深对英台断陷深层天然气成藏条件和成藏模式的认识,从而为研究天然气藏的分布规律,以及下一步的天然气勘探指引方向。     

Thermal simulation of the formation and evolution of coalbed gas

Thermal simulation experiment of gas generation from the peat and the coals were performed using the high temperature and pressure apparatus, at temperature ranging from 336.8-600℃, a pressure of 50MPa and two heating rates of 20℃/h and 2℃/h, and the evolution and formation of coalbed gas components were studied. Results show that for the coals, the gaseous products are mainly composed of hydrocarbon gases. However, for the peat the content of hydrocarbon gases in gaseous products is lower than that of non-hydrocarbon components. In the generated hydrocarbon gases methane is predominant and heavy hydrocarbon gases (C2-5) are present in small amount. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide (CO2) predominates the generated non-hydrocarbon gases, and hydrogen (H2) and sul-furated hydrogen (H2S) are existent in trace amount. It is also observed that temperature is the main factor controlling the evolution of coalbed gas generation. With increasing vitrinite reflectance, methane rapidly increases, CO2 sightly increases, and C2-5 hydrocarbons first increase and then decrease. The peat and Shanxi formation coal have a higher generative potential of coalbed gases than coals and Taiyuan formation coal, respectively, reflecting the effect of the property of organic matter on the characteristics of coalbed gas component generation. In this study, it is found that low heating rate is favorable for the generation of methane, H2 and CO2, and the decomposition of C2-5 hydrocarbons. This shows that heating time plays an important controlling role in the generation and evolution of coalbed gases. The results obtained from the simulation experiment in the study of coalbed gases in natural system are also discussed.     

Discussion on marine source rocks thermal evolvement patterns in the Tarim Basin and Sichuan Basin, west China

Taking marine source rocks of lower Paleozoic in the Tarim Basin and Paleozoic ones in the Sichuan Basin as examples, their sedimentation process could be classified into four styles continuous subsldence with deep sedimentation in early stage, continuous subsidence with deep sedimentation in later stage, that deeply buried-uplift-shallowly buried, and that shallowly buried-uplift-deeply buried.Unlike that in East China, the marine source rocks evolvement patterns did not accord with sedimentation styles one by one in superimposed basins in west China. Taking local geothermal field into account, four types of source rock evolvement patterns were built that evolved fast in early stage,evolved fast in middle stage, evolved continuously and evolved in multistage. Among them, the 1st pattern contributed little to the present industrial oil pools directly, but paleo-oil reservoirs and gases cracked from crude oils were main exploration targets. Although some gases were found in the 2nd pattern, the scale was not big enough. For the 3rd and 4th patterns, the hydrocarbon potential depended on organic matters maturity in early stage. For relatively low mature rocks, it was possible to generate some oils in later stage; otherwise the main products were gases. Paleo-oil reservoirs remained fairly well in the Sichuan Basin, and most source rocks underwent kerogen-oil-gas processes,which was useful reference to gas exploration in the Tarim Basin.     

Discussion on marine source rocks thermal evolvement patterns in the Tarim Basin and Sichuan Basin,west China

Taking marine source rocks of lower Paleozoic in the Tarim Basin and Paleozoic ones in the Sichuan Basin as examples, their sedimentation process could be classified into four styles: continuous subsidence with deep sedimentation in early stage, continuous subsidence with deep sedimentation in later stage, that deeply buried-uplift-shallowly buried, and that shallowly buried-uplift-deeply buried. Unlike that in East China, the marine source rocks evolvement patterns did not accord with sedimentation styles one by one in superimposed basins in west China. Taking local geothermal field into account, four types of source rock evolvement patterns were built: that evolved fast in early stage, evolved fast in middle stage, evolved continuously and evolved in multistage. Among them, the 1st pattern contributed little to the present industrial oil pools directly, but paleo-oil reservoirs and gases cracked from crude oils were main exploration targets. Although some gases were found in the 2nd pattern, the scale was not big enough. For the 3rd and 4th patterns, the hydrocarbon potential depended on organic matters maturity in early stage. For relatively low mature rocks, it was possible to generate some oils in later stage; otherwise the main products were gases. Paleo-oil reservoirs remained fairly well in the Sichuan Basin, and most source rocks underwent kerogen-oil-gas processes, which was useful reference to gas exploration in the Tarim Basin.     

济阳坳陷孤北潜山天然气地球化学特征及成因分类

运用天然气地球化学分析技术,详细剖析了济阳坳陷孤北潜山带天然气的组成、稳定碳同位素及轻烃色谱特征,从中提取出了反映天然气母源及热演化程度的有效信息,并依据天然气成因类型划分标准对其进行了分类.认为该区天然气皆为有机成因的热解气,其中古近系沙四段和奥陶系储层的天然气为油型气;石炭-二叠系储层的天然气部分为煤型气,部分为煤型气和油型气的混合气.     

南图尔盖盆地天然气成藏规律与勘探潜力区初探

南图尔盖盆地天然气资源潜力大,但成藏规律复杂,勘探风险较高。在概括盆地区域地质背景的基础上,从全盆地和有利含气区带两个尺度,分别探讨了天然气成藏规律,并评价了有利勘探区。研究表明：对于整个南图尔盖盆地,宏观构造演化控制着天然气在盆内的整体分布格局,有效烃源岩分布、类型及成熟度控制着天然气宏观展布范围,盖层发育是天然气大面积成藏并长期保存的基础,构造带类型控制着盆地有利含气区带分布与气藏发育类型。在有利含气区带内,天然气以气藏群形式近生烃中心集中分布,沟通生烃中心的断裂系统控制着天然气运移方向和聚集部位,“岩性尖灭”或“断层遮挡”是天然气聚集保存的重要补充,“源-运-储-保”合理配置是确定有利含气圈闭的关键。Akshabulak南次凹的断裂型构造带和Aryskum凹陷西斜坡的缓坡型构造带是盆地未来的天然气有利勘探区。     

论冀中地区O、C—P凝析气藏的形成条件

据凝析油轻烃组成、甲烷及其同系物碳同位素组成、天然气与源岩吸附气指纹时比、双环倍半萜组合特征及地质结构的综合分析,查明O、C—P大多数提析气藏的油气主要来源于石炭—二叠系煤系腐植型有机质,混入了部分下第三系的油气。对石炭—二叠系成烃特点的分析表明,R。=0.6%～1.3%,以成气为主,生油为辅,原始油气比一般大于1OOCm3/t。成熟期的石炭—二叠系有机质的成烃特点和具备油气富集的良好地质条件是O、C—P凝析气藏形成的基本条件。     

Features of the type III-like source rock and its generated natural gas

The mother matter of Ordovician source are mainly sapropelic and generate oil in mature stage, since the high plants did not appear in Ordovician period, which is well known by internal and external scholars. Now we find a kind of Orodovician source rock generating mainly light oil and gas in mature stage during appraising source rocks in the Tarim Basin. The organic matters of this source rock are chiefly constructed by benthic brown algae in organisms (showing as macro algae), and are similar to humic source in hydrocarbon generation. The natural gas generated by this kind of source matters is obviously different from the sapropelic gas.     

Features of the type Ⅲ-like source rock and its generated natural gas

The mother matter of Ordovician source are mainly sapropelic and generate oil in mature stage, since the high plants did not appear in Ordovician period, which is well known by internal and external scholars. Now we find a kind of Orodovician source rock generating mainly light oil and gas in mature stage during appraising source rocks in the Tarim Basin. The organic matters of this source rock are chiefly constructed by benthic brown algae in organisms (showing as macro algae), and are similar to humic source in hydrocarbon generation. The natural gas generated by this kind of source matters is obviously different from the sapropelic gas.     

沁水盆地中东部热演化史模拟及油气成藏响应

为还原沁水盆地中东部热演化史,以某页岩气井山西组及太原组26件海陆过渡相泥页岩实测数据为基础,利用Petro Mod软件进行了热演化史模拟,依据模拟结果对油气生成及成藏进行了分析,结果表明:研究区内烃源岩干酪根类型以Ⅲ型为主,有机质演化成熟度高,具有良好的生烃潜力;热演化史与构造演化史存在耦合作用,受印支运动及燕山运动影响,地层温度经历了缓慢上升-缓慢冷却-异常高温-快速冷却四个阶段;太原组及山西组烃源岩有机质演化过程中镜质组反射率(Ro)值发生一次跃变,最终演化至2. 0%左右,于早白垩世烃源岩发生二次生烃作用进入产气阶段,加之上覆致密的盖层形成了良好的煤系气藏。     

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区天然气地球化学特征及其成因

在对鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区奥陶系天然气地球化学特征研究的基础上,将其组分、烷烃气碳同位素、氦同位素、氩同位素等与盆地中部主要气田进行了对比,并结合区域地质背景综合分析了天然气的成因类型.指出该地区奥陶系天然气具有"干燥系数大、二氧化碳含量高、烷烃气碳同位素组成轻、热演化程度高"的特点,与靖边气田奥陶系天然气地球化学特征非常接近.应用国内学者建立的甲烷碳同位素与镜质体反射率关系方程式计算了富县地区奥陶系天然气的Ro约为3.33%,处于过成熟演化阶段.利用天然气成因判别图版综合分析,认为富县地区奥陶系天然气为油型气和煤成气的混合气体,且以油型气为主.     

油气分段捕获揭示震旦——寒武系天然气成藏过程

烃源岩生烃具有时间和空间上的序列性,构造活动和圈闭的形成也具有阶段性,加之富集型古油藏和分散型滞留原油产生的裂解气也会大量运移聚集,因此,油气成藏可能经历多个阶段。基于以上油气分段捕获原理"将今论古"地分析四川盆地南部威远、资阳、高石梯-磨溪3个典型构造的震旦系-寒武系天然气成藏过程与成藏规律,从而预测其他未知区块的成藏潜力。研究认为,高磨地区作为继承性古隆起,震旦系-寒武系圈闭几乎捕获了烃源岩从早期生油到晚期干酪根生气所有阶段的油气;威远、资阳震旦系-寒武系圈闭则仅捕获了部分阶段的油气,对于未知区块-泸州古隆起区来讲,其震旦系-寒武系能捕获生气高峰及其以后阶段所有的天然气,包括分散型滞留原油裂解气和晚期干酪根裂解气,如果落实好储层和圈闭,天然气勘探潜力很大。     

川中—川西南地区雷三段碳酸盐烃源岩生烃评价

评价川中—川西南地区中三叠统雷口坡组第三段暗色碳酸盐烃源岩的生烃能力,预测雷口坡组天然气新的勘探领域.在典型钻井岩心和岩屑样品的有机地球化学特征分析基础上,结合测井解释TOC技术,刻画出27口井的有效烃源岩厚度,并且应用有机质热模拟参数法对各井烃源岩的生气强度进行定量计算.研究表明:暗色碳酸盐烃源岩的残余有机碳质量分数...     

六盘山盆地白垩系油气地质条件及有利区预测

六盘山盆地位于华北地块西南缘与祁连秦岭构造带接合部位,构造系统复杂。据野外调研,白垩系油气显 示分布较多,初步断定盆地具有产油潜力。针对整个盆地勘探程度低,研究资料之间差异大,勘探目的层确定存在分 歧的现状,开展了对六盘山盆地白垩系烃源岩层发育状况、储层及成藏组合特征的研究和评价。利用野外调研、实验 分析及重磁资料等方法获得了突破性的认识：李洼峡组属于III 类中等储层,马东山组和乃家河组属IV 类差储层,古 近系发育大套砂岩可作为白垩系油气的有利储层;烃源岩有机质类型为腐泥混合型,热演化程度高,具备一定的生 烃条件。并预测了3 类勘探区和5 个有利局部构造部位。这次的研究结果对后期六盘山盆地油气勘探具有重要的指 导意义。     

吐哈侏罗纪原型盆地演化对烃源岩分布的控制

吐哈侏罗纪原型盆地演化主要表现为早、中侏罗世断陷盆地向晚侏罗世挤压再生前陆盆地转变。原型盆地演化控制了这一时期的大地构造格局,古地理环境发生改变,古气候条件相应调整,在这样特殊的古地貌背景下沉积了该时期重要的烃源岩层。早、中侏罗世,吐哈盆地沉积了温暖、潮湿气候条件下的河湖、沼泽相层系,其中广阔湖相沉积的暗色泥岩、炭质泥岩及煤层成为该时期最重要的烃源岩;晚侏罗世,盆地接受干旱气候条件下的山麓河流相沉积,很少有烃源岩。中、下侏罗统八道湾组和西山窑组含煤岩系是盆地内的主力烃源岩,中侏罗统七克台组湖相至半深湖相沉积,是盆地内的次要烃源岩。     

南祁连盆地三叠系烃源岩有机地球化学特征

通过系统的野外剖面测量和样品采集, 并运用岩石热解、有机碳测试、干酪根分析、镜质体反射率、饱和烃气相色谱、透射光照射等技术进行室内样品测试, 综合评价了南祁连盆地三叠系碳酸盐岩和泥岩露头样品的有机质丰度、类型和成熟度, 探讨了有机质的原始沉积环境和生源特征。结果表明: 尕勒得寺组(T₃g)属于好烃源岩, 有机质类型为Ⅰ~Ⅱ型, 大加连组(T₂d)为Ⅱ~Ⅲ型; 有机质演化程度高, 处于高?过成熟阶段; 碳酸盐岩和泥质岩沉积环境分别为海陆过渡相和陆源为主; 碳酸盐岩与泥岩有机质生源分别为生物降解的水生生物和陆生生物。