限制性核酸内切酶Pst Ⅰ活性基团的研究

分别以N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺（NBS）,2,3-丁二酮和N-乙基-5-苯基异口唑-3’-磺酸盐作修饰剂,研究色氨酸,精氨酸残基和羧基对RtⅠ活性的影响．结果表明,NBS的修饰虽可导致Pst Ⅰ活性丧失,但紫外吸收光谱和SDS-PAGE研究结果表明色氨酸残基并非Pst Ⅰ的活性基团,而精氨酸残基和羧基的修饰可导致PstⅠ和Rst Ⅰ活性丧失,并按Keech和Farrant动力学方法分析得出无论在原活性还是星号活性条件下,有一个精氨酸残基和两个羧基是Pst Ⅰ的活性基团．     

具有抑制糖苷酶和胰蛋白酶双重活性的亚麻多肽的大肠杆菌重组表达及其活性分析

亚麻胰蛋白酶抑制剂(Linum usitatissimum L.LUTI)是亚麻中一种兼具胰蛋白酶抑制剂和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂双重活性的多肽。文章将LUTI基因连接在pGEX-6p-1载体上获得重组载体pGEX-6p-1-LUTI,转化至大肠杆菌菌株E.coliBL21(DE3)表达,经GST-Sepharose4B、Prescission Protease酶切GST标签、Sephacryl S-200凝胶层析,获得分子量大小为8kDa电泳纯的重组LUTI(rLUTI)。经抑制活性测定,相比天然的LUTI,rLUTI对胰蛋白酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性明显提升。二硫键存在与否对两种酶的抑制活力均有影响。利用定点突变技术获得rLUTI的C4/A,C49/A,C4、49/A突变体,进一步双酶抑制活性及CD结构分析显示,rLUTI的C4/A、C49/A及C4、49/A突变体对胰蛋白酶抑制活性影响尤为明显,α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性略微下降;其中rLUTI的C49/A及C4、49/A突变体完全丧失了对胰蛋白酶的抑制活性。C4/A的突变对rLUTI的二级结构影响最为明显,导致α螺旋结构含量的降低。以上结果表明rLUTI第4位氨基酸Cys是影响其二级结构的关键位点,第49位氨基酸Cys则在维持其双酶抑制活性上发挥着重要作用,特别在胰蛋白抑制活性方面尤为突出。     

精氨酸激酶及其底物复合物的结晶和结晶学初步研究

精氨酸激酶是一种存在于无脊椎动物体内的磷酸源激酶,对于无脊椎动物体内能量的代谢、储存和利用具有至关重要的作用.海参体内的精氨酸激酶在磷酸源激酶的进化中具有特殊的地位,氨基酸序列比对的结果表明:它与鲎源单亚基精氨酸激酶的氨基酸序列的同源性为64%,而与双亚基兔肌肌酸激酶的氨基酸序列同源性却达到了75%.为了揭示海参源精氨酸激酶的催化机理,研究其与单亚基精氨酸激酶及肌酸激酶催化机理的异同,实验获得了精氨酸激酶复合物晶体,取得了X射线衍射数据,进行了结晶和结晶学的初步研究.     

虫荧光素酶N末端缺失

目的是通过虫荧光素酶Ｎ末端氨基酸的缺失,研究缺失对酶活性的影响。采用聚合酶链式反应的方法,构建虫荧光素酶Ｎ－末端缺失７,８,９个氨基酸残基的突变体,导入大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α菌株中直接得到表达,再分离纯化粗酶,并检测酶活。结果表明,Ｎ末端缺失７个氨基酸的突变体几乎没有活性（小于天然活性的０．５％）,Ｎ末端缺失８个以上氨基酸残基的突变体则完全丧失活性。由于Ｎ末端缺失６个氨基酸的突变体保持了７７％的酶活性,因而萤火虫荧光素酶Ｎ末端第７个氨基酸与酶的催化活性密切相关。     

K148与K149对黑曲霉NRRL3135植酸酶A与植酸结合机制的影响

为了研究黑曲霉NRRL3135植酸酶A K148与K149对底物与酶的结合反应的影响,构建了一个单位点突变体(K148E)和一个双位点突变体(K148E和K149E),由于带电的氨基酸残基发生变化,造成这2个突变体的酶活性都有不同程度的减少,利用InsightII软件模拟了2种突变体酶的3-D结构,发现酶分子突变位置的表面电势有明显的改变.这2个α-螺旋(141～160)位点的改变可能降低了活性中心附近的底物浓度,减缓了底物与活性中心的反应速度.     

葡激酶突变体Y1-Sak的体外变复性研究

具有低免疫原性的双功能葡激酶突变体Y1-Sak(△15,S16K,K74A,E75A,R77A,K109R,F111D)在大肠杆菌中的表达产物为包涵体,必须进行体外变复性才能得到活性.详细研究了复性方式、pH、温度、复性的初始蛋白浓度和添加L-精氨酸对Y1-Sak的体外变复性的影响,发现复性温度和添加的L-精氨酸对Y1-Sak的复性有重要的影响.经过工艺优化后,Y1-Sak的纯化活性回收率达到40%左右,蛋白比活性由20 kU/mg提高到53 kU/mg.用动态光散射分析发现,工艺优化后复性的高比活性Y1-Sak的水合动力学半径与野生型葡激酶相近,分子基本处于单体状态.     

人类神经生长抑制因子突变体E55/58/60Q和E58K的研究

人类神经生长抑制因子(GIF)又称MT3,其α 结构域存在一个特殊的插入六肽,其中含有多个谷氨酸残基,这些谷氨酸残基被认为与GIF具有保护神经元活性有关.为更好地研究这些Glu的作用,分别制备了E55/58/60Q和E58K2个突变体蛋白并对其稳定性进行了初步研究.结果显示,突变体蛋白的一系列光谱性质同野生型MT3非常一致,对酸的稳定性和对EDTA及DTNB的反应性上,也都表现出同野生型蛋白相似的性质.实验表明MT3α 结构域插入段中的Glu残基对蛋白的金属 硫簇结构及其稳定性没有显著的贡献.     

家蝇精氨酸激酶基因克隆及其在害虫防治上的应用

从家蝇转录组数据库中筛选到一条精氨酸激酶同源序列,将其命名为家蝇精氨酸激酶(Musca domestica arginine kinase,简称:MdAK).通过RT-PCR克隆得到MdAK cDNA序列,长2 007bp,编码356个氨基酸残基,编码蛋白的分子质量为40.0ku.利用RNAi技术敲低家蝇幼虫精氨酸激酶的表达后,其生长发育受到影响,死亡率明显升高.认为精氨酸激酶可以作为害虫生物防治的潜在靶点.     

人类神经生长抑制因子突变体ESS／58／60Q和E58K的研究

人类神经生长抑制因子(GIF)又称MT3，其α—结构域存在一个特殊的插入六肽，其中含有多个谷氨酸残基，这些谷氨酸残基被认为与GIF具有保护神经元活性有关，为更好地研究这些Glu的作用，分别制备了E55／58／60Q和E58K 2个突变体蛋白并对其稳定性进行了初步研究。结果显示，突变体蛋白的一系列光谱性质同野生型MT3非常一致，对酸的稳定性和对EDTA及DTNB的反应性上，也都表现出同野生型蛋白相似的性质。实验表明MT3 α—结构域插入段中的Glu残基对蛋白的金属—硫簇结构及其稳定性没有显著的贡献。     

天门冬氨酸对精氨酸激酶的作用研究

应用酶活测定、荧光发射光谱等方法分析了精氨酸激酶在不同浓度天门冬氨酸中活性变化和去折叠动力学。实验结果表明：天门冬氨酸引起精氨酸激酶失活与去折叠,并且过程中没有蛋白质的聚沉;精氨酸激酶的去折叠遵循一级反应动力学的二相过程,包括快相和慢相;失活与天门冬氨酸浓度呈正相关;当去除天门冬氨酸的影响,精氨酸激酶的活力能得到恢复。通过对比实验结果暗示,天门冬氨酸是通过其解离状态的H＋改变了机体pH值而影响精氨酸激酶活性的,并且就天门冬氨酸对精氨酸激酶影响及其意义进行探讨。     

棒状链霉菌扩环酶R306位点的定点突变

目的:通过对棒状链霉菌的脱乙酰氧基头孢菌素C合酶(DAOCS)C末端R306位点突变,改变酶的活力和底物专一性。方法:利用生物信息学和空间结构分析推测,利用定点突变技术,对DAOCS的C-末端R306位点进行定点突变。结果:将DAOCS的C末端R306位点突变为其它3种性质相异的氨基酸,显示酶的活力和底物专一性都有一定改变。结论:DAOCS的C末端修饰对于提高酶活力或改变酶的底物专一性是一个非常有效的策略。     

Cleavage of pre-tRNAs by the splicing endonuclease requires a composite active site

Splicing is required for the removal of introns from a subset of transfer RNAs in all eukaryotic organisms. The first step of splicing, intron recognition and cleavage, is performed by the tRNA-splicing endonuclease, a tetrameric enzyme composed of the protein subunits Sen54, Sen2, Sen34 and Sen15. It has previously been demonstrated that the active sites for cleavage at the 5' and 3' splice sites of precursor tRNA are contained within Sen2 and Sen34, respectively. A recent structure of an archaeal endonuclease complexed with a bulge-helix-bulge RNA has led to the unexpected hypothesis that catalysis requires a critical 'cation-pi sandwich' composed of two arginine residues that serve to position the RNA substrate within the active site. This motif is derived from a cross-subunit interaction between the two catalytic subunits. Here we test the role of this interaction within the eukaryotic endonuclease and show that catalysis at the 5' splice site requires the conserved cation-pi sandwich derived from the Sen34 subunit in addition to the catalytic triad of Sen2. The catalysis of pre-tRNA by the eukaryotic tRNA-splicing endonuclease therefore requires a previously unrecognized composite active site.     

Activity and Structure Changes of Arginine Kinase from Shrimp Feneropenaeus chinensis Muscle in Trifluoroethanol Solutions

Trifluoroethanol has often been used in protein folding studies. The changes in activity and unfolding of arginine kinase from shrimp Feneropenaeus Ghinensis muscle during denaturation in different concentrations of trifuoroethanol were investigated using far-ultraviolet circular dichroism and fluorescence emission spectra. Arginine kinase was inactivated in trifluoroethanol solutions. The tertiary and secondary structures of arginine kinase were also destroyed in the trifluoroethanol solutions. The unfolding and inactivation courses were measured and compared. Inactivation occurred prior to unfolding, which suggests that the arginine kinase active site is more easily damaged by the denaturant than the enzyme as a whole. The result also indicates that the arginine kinase active site is situated in a limited and flexible region of the enzymemolecule.     

The GTPase-activating protein Rap1GAP uses a catalytic asparagine

Rap1 is a Ras-like guanine-nucleotide-binding protein (GNBP) that is involved in a variety of signal-transduction processes. It regulates integrin-mediated cell adhesion and might activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Like other Ras-like GNBPs, Rap1 is regulated by guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). These GAPs increase the slow intrinsic GTPase reaction of Ras-like GNBPs by many orders of magnitude and allow tight regulation of signalling. The activation mechanism involves stabilization of the catalytic glutamine of the GNBP and, in most cases, the insertion of a catalytic arginine of GAP into the active site. Rap1 is a close homologue of Ras but does not possess the catalytic glutamine essential for GTP hydrolysis in all other Ras-like and Galpha proteins. Furthermore, RapGAPs are not related to other GAPs and apparently do not use a catalytic arginine residue. Here we present the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the Rap1-specific Rap1GAP at 2.9 A. By mutational analysis, fluorescence titration and stopped-flow kinetic assay, we demonstrate that Rap1GAP provides a catalytic asparagine to stimulate GTP hydrolysis. Implications for the disease tuberous sclerosis are discussed.     

Structure of the sulphiredoxin-peroxiredoxin complex reveals an essential repair embrace

Typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have an important role in regulating hydrogen peroxide-mediated cell signalling. In this process, Prxs can become inactivated through the hyperoxidation of an active site Cys residue to Cys sulphinic acid. The unique repair of this moiety by sulphiredoxin (Srx) restores peroxidase activity and terminates the signal. The hyperoxidized form of Prx exists as a stable decameric structure with each active site buried. Therefore, it is unclear how Srx can access the sulphinic acid moiety. Here we present the 2.6 A crystal structure of the human Srx-PrxI complex. This complex reveals the complete unfolding of the carboxy terminus of Prx, and its unexpected packing onto the backside of Srx away from the Srx active site. Binding studies and activity analyses of site-directed mutants at this interface show that the interaction is required for repair to occur. Moreover, rearrangements in the Prx active site lead to a juxtaposition of the Prx Gly-Gly-Leu-Gly and Srx ATP-binding motifs, providing a structural basis for the first step of the catalytic mechanism. The results also suggest that the observed interactions may represent a common mode for other proteins to bind to Prxs.     

Myb DNA binding inhibited by phosphorylation at a site deleted during oncogenic activation

The c-Myb nuclear oncoprotein is phosphorylated in vitro and in vivo at an N-terminal site near its DNA-binding domain by casein kinase II (CK-II) or a CK-II-like activity. This in vitro phosphorylation reversibly inhibits the sequence-specific binding of c-Myb to DNA. The site of this phosphorylation is deleted in nearly all oncogenically activated Myb proteins, resulting in DNA-binding that is independent of CK-II. Because CK-II activity is modulated by growth factors, loss of the site could uncouple c-Myb from its normal physiological regulator.     

Homology between phosphotyrosine acceptor site of human c-abl and viral oncogene products

The human homologues of several independent viral oncogenes, each of which encodes tyrosine-specific protein kinases, have been identified. Of these, three (v-src, v-yes and v-fes/fps) are known to exhibit considerable sequence homology, particularly in the regions of their phosphorylation acceptor sites. In the present study, sequences encoding the tyrosine phosphorylation acceptor sites of the Abelson murine leukaemia virus oncogene, v-abl, and its human cellular homologue, c-abl, have been identified and their nucleic acid sequences determined. Our results establish extensive homology between this region of c-abl and acceptor domains of the v-src, v-yes and v-fes/fps family of viral oncogenes, as well as more distant relatedness to the catalytic chain of the mammalian cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. These findings suggest that, of the homologues of retroviral oncogenes with tyrosine protein kinase activity examined to date, all were probably derived from a common progenitor and may represent members of a diverse family of cellular protein kinases.     

Y-152和K-156在果蝇ADH催化中的作用

果蝇醇脱氢酶酪氨酸－１５２（Ｙ－１５２）和赖氨酸－１５６（Ｋ－１５６）处于同类脱氢酶的保守位点。经人工定点突变和酶动力学分析,前者的苯丙氨酸（Ｙ１５２Ｆ）、组氨酸（Ｙ１５２Ｈ）和谷氨酸突变体（Ｙ１５２Ｅ）及后者的异亮氨酸突变体（Ｋ１５６Ｉ）均丧失催化活性。而半胱氨酸－１５２（Ｙ１５２Ｃ）及精氨酸－１５６（Ｋ１５６Ｒ）突变体活性分别是对应野生型的０．２５％和２．２％。此外,Ｙ１５２Ｃ和Ｋ１５６Ｒ的Ｋ