冷却速率对奥氏体不锈钢凝固过程影响的原位观察

通过采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行了原位动态观察研究.发现当冷却速率为0.05℃.s-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以胞状晶方式凝固,其凝固模式为FA模式,即δ铁素体相先从液相中形核并长大,γ相在1 448.9℃时通过与液相发生包晶反应（L＋δ→γ）在δ铁素体相界形成,当温度降到1 431.3℃时液相消失,δ铁素体相通过固态相变转变为γ相,富Cr贫Ni的残留铁素体位于胞状晶之间.当冷却速率为3.0℃.s-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以枝晶方式生长,冷却到1346.4℃时包晶反应在液相与δ铁素体相界之间进行,其残留铁素体位于枝晶干,与冷却速率为0.05℃.s-1时相比,其残留铁素体的数量增多,残留铁素体富Cr贫Ni的程度减轻.     

Cr21节约型双相不锈钢的高温塑性

通过高温拉伸和高温压缩试验研究了两种Cr21节约型双相不锈钢在950～1150℃温度范围内的高温塑性,结果表明两种材料的高温塑性差异很大.通过温度、应变速率、相比例和显微组织4个方面的分析发现,适当增加稳定铁素体相元素和升高变形温度有利于提高Cr21节约型双相不锈钢的高温塑性.在较低温度较高应变速率热变形时,裂纹容易在被拉长的奥氏体和铁素体相界处形核并沿着相界在铁素体内进行扩展.     

热变形奥氏体先共析铁素体的热力学计算

用超组元模型为热力学基础,计算了35CrMo结构钢合金形奥氏体→铁素体转变的亚稳碳摩尔分数x_C~(α/γ)和x_C~(γ/α)以及先共析铁素体析出驱动力△G~(γ→α γ′),并讨论了不同的形变温度和形变速率对亚稳碳浓度和先共析铁素体析出驱动力的影响.未变形钢的先共析铁素体热力学平衡温度A_(e3)的计算值与实测值基本符合.分析了γ相热变形对A_(e3)的影响。     

Cr32Ni7Mo3N特级双相不锈钢的空蚀行为

利用磁致伸缩空蚀试验机对Cr32Ni7Mo3N特级双相不锈钢在蒸馏水和人工海水中进行了空蚀实验,并采用扫描电镜跟踪观察了经不同时间段空蚀后试样的形貌.通过测量失重绘制了材料的累积失重量和失重率曲线.经电化学工作站测量了材料在静态与空蚀条件下的极化曲线和腐蚀电位变化.对比分析了Cr32Ni7Mo3N与SAF2205双相不锈钢在人工海水的抗空蚀能力.结果表明:Cr32Ni7Mo3N特级双相不锈钢空蚀破坏首先在铁素体薄弱区以及铁素体和奥氏体相界发生,并向铁素体内扩展,铁素体发生解离断裂脱落;奥氏体随着空蚀的进行,滑移线增多,显微硬度值增加,且人工海水中奥氏体显微硬度值比在蒸馏水中的高;铁素体大面积破坏后,奥氏体才失稳产生延性断裂脱落,奥氏体的存在延缓了破坏在整个材料表面上的扩展.空蚀与腐蚀交互影响导致材料在人工海水中加速破坏.Cr32Ni7Mo3N特级双相不锈钢在人工海水中的抗空蚀能力优于SAF2205双相不锈钢.     

N_2对不锈钢GTAW焊缝铁素体含量和组织演变过程的影响

在不锈钢的焊接中,控制焊缝金属中的铁素体含量对于防止出现热裂纹、保证焊缝耐蚀性能和力学性能都有着重要的作用.在不锈钢中氮是强烈的奥氏体化元素,通过在保护气体中加入N_2的方法向焊缝过渡氮元素从而调控焊缝中的铁素体含量是一种简单可行的技术思路.本研究采用实时调整气体配比技术配制不同配比的Ar-N_2混合气作为保护气体,对304L奥氏体不锈钢和2205双相不锈钢进行了GTAW多层多道焊接试验.分析研究了保护气体中的N_2添加量对奥氏体不锈钢焊缝金属中铁素体含量的影响以及对双相不锈钢焊缝金属中的相比例和微观组织的演变规律.结果表明,对304L不锈钢,保护气中加入0.5%～1.0%的N_2能够将焊缝中平均铁素体数FN有效控制在3～7范围内.对2205双相不锈钢,打底焊时保护气中加入3.0%的N_2能够有效促进一次奥氏体的形成并抑制二次奥氏体的析出;填充和盖面焊则应减少保护气中的N_2含量或用纯Ar作为保护气才能保证焊缝的整体相比例在合理范围内.该研究工作对推广动态气体配比技术在不锈钢焊接生产中的应用提供了前期的理论基础.     

热变形奥氏体先共析铁素体的热力学计算

用超组元模型为热力学基础，计算了35CrMo结构钢合金形奥氏体→铁素体转变的亚稳碳摩尔分数xC^α/γ和xC^γ/α以及先共析铁素体析出驱动力△Gγ→α γ′，并讨论了不同的形变温度和形变速率对亚稳碳浓度和先共析铁素体析出驱动力的影响．未变形钢的先共析铁素体热力学平衡温度Ae3的计算值与实测值基本符合．分析了γ相热变形对Ae3的影响．     

经济型双相不锈钢2101中氮化物在基体中的平衡固溶度计算

为了解析出物对经济型双相不锈钢2101热塑性的影响机制,对比了相同工艺下2101和2205双相不锈钢在热变形过程中相界析出物产生的规律.结果表明:2101钢比2205钢的相界处更倾向于产生析出物,促使后续热变形过程中相界产生裂纹,进而影响材料的热塑性.根据热力学相关数据,通过Thermo-Calc和实验测试数据,推导出2101和2205双相不锈钢析出物Cr2N的平衡固溶度公式,计算实验钢中析出物Cr2N的全固溶温度,同时引入Wagner相互作用系数,考虑了Ni、Mn、Mo和Si对固溶度积公式的影响.发现2101双相不锈钢中Cr2N的全固溶温度比2205钢高100℃左右,计算结果和实验结果吻合较好.实际生产过程中必须控制双相不锈钢热轧的终轧温度到全固溶温度以上,否则相界容易产生氮化物析出,影响材料热塑性.     

双相不锈钢热老化前后拉伸变形行为的电子背散射衍射表征

通过电子背散射衍射实验分析方法,研究变形量和热老化因素对双相不锈钢的拉伸性能、相边界、局部应变分布、重位点阵特殊晶界和取向分布的影响。研究结果表明：热老化后,双相不锈钢的强度提高,韧性降低;在大变形条件下铁素体晶粒内小角度晶界的数量和密度略有增加;热老化材料的铁素体的塑性变形和局部应变能力下降,大变形破坏初始奥氏体和铁素体以及∑3孪晶边界的分布。     

S32750超级双相不锈钢的热变形及组织分析

利用MMS-200热模拟实验机,对S32750超级双相不锈钢在温度为1 000～1 150℃,应变速率为0.01～10 s-1的条件下进行了单道次压缩实验,测定了真应力-真应变曲线,对热变形组织进行了分析.实验结果表明:当变形温度一定时,峰值应力随着应变速率的增加而增加.提高热变形温度,降低应变速率,可以促进奥氏体动态再结晶的发生.根据热变形方程计算得到压缩变形时的热变形激活能Q=460 kJ/mol.在相应的变形条件下,获得了S32750超级双相不锈钢热变形过程中峰值应力与Z参数的关系式.     

含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的高温变形行为

利用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机在950~1200℃,应变速率为0.1~10s-1条件下进行了含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的热压缩变形,获得了流变曲线,建立了热变形方程,分析了变形组织。结果表明:在流变曲线上既存在峰值应力也有稳态应力;在高温低应变速率条件下,峰值应变减小。上述变形条件下,试验钢的热变形激活能Q=436kJ/mol,表观应力指数n=3.91,热变形方程为:ε=2.41×1016[sinh(0.012σs)]3.91exp (-436000/RT)。奥氏体的动态再结晶在试验钢的动态软化机制中起主导作用且随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低越来越充分;而大应变下,铁素体的软化主要表现为较充分的动态回复。稀土元素影响了热变形时两相中Mo元素的再分配是稀土改善双相不锈钢高温塑性的重要原因之一。稀土使Mo在铁素体中浓度较低温度下降低,高温下升高;而奥氏体相中,使得Mo浓度在较低温度下升高而高温下降低。     

微合金钢初始凝固中奥氏体开始长大的温度

通过共聚焦激光显微镜对P510L钢的初始凝固过程进行了原位动态观察以考察δ相生成、包晶反应以及γ相的形成过程,并探索奥氏体开始长大温度.研究结果表明:1)冷却速度为25℃/s时P510L钢的冷却模式为首先从液相中析出δ铁素体,然后在液相与δ铁素体相之间发生包晶反应(L+δ→γ),进入三相共存区,液相消失后剩余的δ相通过固态扩散转变为γ相;2)在初始凝固过程中,奥氏体先进行一部分吞并、长大,然后才实现过剩δ铁素体向奥氏体的同素异构转变,最后实现完全奥氏体化;3)通过原位动态观察,探索了一种较为准确的确定原始奥氏体开始长大温度的实验方法,提高了奥氏体晶粒预测模型的准确性.     

Solidification microstructure formation in HK40 and HH40 alloys

The microstructure formation processes in HK40 and HH40 alloys were investigated through JmatPro calculations and quenching performed during directional solidification. The phase transition routes of HK40 and HH40 alloys were determined as L → L + γ → L + γ + M₇C₃ → γ + M₇C₃ → γ + M₇C₃ + M₂₃C₆→ γ + M₂₃C₆ and L → L + δ → L + δ + γ→ L + δ + γ + M₂₃C₆ δ + γ + M₂₃C₆, respectively. The solidification mode was determined to be the austenitic mode (A mode) in HK40 alloy and the ferritic–austenitic solidification mode (FA mode) in HH40 alloy. In HK40 alloy, eutectic carbides directly precipitate in a liquid and coarsen during cooling. The primary γ dendrites grow at the 60° angle to each other. On the other hand, in HH40 alloy, residual δ forms because of the incomplete transformation from δ to γ. Cr₂₃C₆ carbide is produced in solid delta ferrite δ but not directly in liquid HH40 alloy. Because of carbide formation in the solid phase and no rapid growth of the dendrite in a non-preferential direction, HH40 alloy is more resistant to cast defect formation than HK40 alloy.     

Effect of superplastic deformation on precipitation behavior of sigma phase in 3207 duplex stainless steel

Owing to excellent strength, toughness and corrosion resistance, duplex stainless steels(DSS) are widely used in constructional and petrochemical applications. Sigma phase, which has detrimental impact on the properties, is readily precipitated during hot working of DSS. However, precipitation behavior of sigma phase during superplastic deformation, which is the most significant processing method of DSS, is still unclear. In the current study,the effect of superplastic deformation on the precipitation behavior of sigma phase was investigated in 3207 duplex stainless steel. The result shows that superplastic deformation could prevent sigma phase precipitation generally by increasing mobility of grain boundaries and decreasing misorientation of the sigma phase boundaries, resulting in some sigma phase precipitated on the twin boundaries. Most of the sigma phase precipitated on ferrite-austenite interface with misorientation of 20–25°, while it precipitated in ferrite or austenite with the misorientation of 40°–45°. The orientation relationship between sigma phase and matrix matched well in austenite and on the ferrite/austenite interfaces, while it showed a small misfit in ferrite. The prevention effect of the superplastic deformation on the sigma phase precipitation was beneficial to quasi stable deformation stage,resulting in longer elongation.     

In situ observation of austenite grain growth behavior in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of Ti-microalloyed steels

The austenite grain growth behavior in a simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone during thermal cycling was investigated via in situ observation. Austenite grains nucleated at ferrite grain boundaries and then grew in different directions through movement of grain boundaries into the ferrite phase. Subsequently, the adjacent austenite grains impinged against each other during the α→γ transformation. After the α→γ transformation, austenite grains coarsened via the coalescence of small grains and via boundary migration between grains. The growth process of austenite grains was a continuous process during heating, isothermal holding, and cooling in simulated thermal cycling. Abundant finely dispersed nanoscale TiN particles in a steel specimen containing 0.012wt% Ti effectively retarded the grain boundary migration, which resulted in refined austenite grains. When the Ti concentration in the steel was increased, the number of TiN particles decreased and their size coarsened. The big particles were not effective in pinning the austenite grain boundary movement and resulted in coarse austenite grains.     

热处理对奥氏体不锈钢00 Cr24 Ni13铸坯高温热塑性的影响

采用热处理实验方法,同时结合热模拟压缩和热模拟拉伸试验,研究了热处理对奥氏体不锈钢00Cr24Ni13铸坯高温热塑性的影响。实验结果表明：热处理能够明显改变实验钢铸坯中δ铁素体的形貌;经1200℃保温3 h空冷后,原始铸坯中存在的大面积连续网状δ铁素体完全转变为弥散分布的细小颗粒状组织。具有颗粒状δ铁素体的热处理试样与热处理前相比,不同温度压缩时的变形抗力略有增加,但并没有急剧恶化;热模拟抗拉强度基本保持不变;相同温度下的断面收缩率( Z)显著提高,其中Z≥60%的温度区间由1150~1280℃扩展为1050~1300℃,高塑性(Z≥80%)温度范围在150℃左右(1150~1300℃)。     

Mechanism of hot-rolling crack formation in lean duplex stainless steel 2101

The thermoplasticity of duplex stainless steel 2205 (DSS2205) is better than that of lean duplex steel 2101 (LDX2101), which undergoes severe cracking during hot rolling. The microstructure, microhardness, phase ratio, and recrystallization dependence of the deformation compatibility of LDX2101 and DSS2205 were investigated using optical microscopy (OM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), Thermo-Calc software, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the phase-ratio transformations of LDX2101 and DSS2205 were almost equal under the condition of increasing solution temperature. Thus, the phase transformation was not the main cause for the hot plasticity difference of these two steels. The grain size of LDX2101 was substantially greater than that of DSS2205, and the microhardness difference of LDX2101 was larger than that of DSS2205. This difference hinders the transfer of strain from ferrite to austenite. In the rolling process, the ferrite grains of LDX2101 underwent continuous softening and were substantially refined. However, although little recrystallization occurred at the boundaries of austenite, serious deformation accumulated in the interior of austenite, leading to a substantial increase in hardness. The main cause of crack formation is the microhardness difference between ferrite and austenite.     

Z3CN20—09M铸造奥氏体不锈钢的低周疲劳行为

采用径向应变控制研究了Z3CN20-09M奥氏体不锈钢在室温和350℃高温下的低周疲劳行为．Z3CN20-09M不锈钢表现为先硬化后软化的循环特性,但硬化的程度取决于温度和应变幅．随着应变幅的增加,Z3CN20-09M钢的低周疲劳循环寿命逐渐减短,而相同循环次数下应力幅也随之提高．温度对Z3CN20-09M钢的低周疲劳行为影响较大,与室温相比高温下的循环硬化程度更高,相同应变幅下高温的低周疲劳寿命也高于常温下的寿命．通过疲劳实验的原位观察发现,奥氏体内的滑移面、夹杂物及奥氏体和铁素体两相的界面是疲劳裂纹可能的形核位置,奥氏体和铁素体两相的不协调变形使相界处产生应力集中,导致疲劳裂纹容易沿两相界面扩展．     

ZrC/奥氏体相界面形变诱导相变动力学

研究热模拟单向压缩条件下含ZrC粒子的低碳锰(铌)钢在形变诱导相变过程中的铁素体转变动力学关系。研究结果表明:添加ZrC粒子使试验用钢奥氏体晶界的形核率明显增加,影响形变诱导铁素体的形态、分布及晶粒细化效果;高温变形时由于形变诱导的作用,铁素体转变量随应变的增大不断增加,而铁素体晶粒的细化主要是由于动态再结晶的作用,试验用钢在形变诱导相变的变形温度TAe3～TAr3之间的低温区进行变形(TAe3为形变诱导相变的开始温度,TAr3为形变诱导相变的终止温度),可以加速铁素体形核;同时,一定粒径和体积分数(0.6%)的ZrC粒子作为形变和再结晶核心,不仅阻碍位错的运动,而且造成位错密度增大,因而提高α-Fe形核率。在温度为900℃、应变速率为1s-1的条件下,试验用钢获得超细组织对应的ZrC粒子临界体积分数为0.6%。