Protective effects of nitricoxide on salt stress-inducedoxidative damage to wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) leaves

The changes of chlorophyll and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, plasma membrane permeability confirmed that 0.1 and 1 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a donor of nitric oxide (NO) in vivo, could markedly alleviate the oxidative damage to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves induced by 150 and 300 mmol/L NaCl treatments, respectively. Further results proved that NO significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), both of which separately contributed to the delay of and H2O2 accumulation in wheat leaves under salt stress. Meanwhile, the accumulation of proline was apparently accelerated. Therefore, these results suggested that NO could strongly protect wheat leaves from oxidative damage caused by salt stress.     

不同浓度锰胁迫对向日葵幼苗叶片生理生化特性的影响

为研究锰胁迫对向日葵幼苗的影响,以向日葵幼苗为实验材料,通过沙培盆栽法研究不同Mn 2+浓度胁迫下向日葵生长和生理生化特性的变化.结果显示:随着Mn2+浓度的增加,向日葵幼苗叶片中丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖(SS)以及游离脯氨酸(Pro)的含量都呈现上升趋势;而幼苗叶片叶绿素、蛋白质(Pr)含量则呈现先升高再下降的趋势...     

Effect of Cl- on photosynthetic bicarbonate uptake in two cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechocystis PCC6803

Photosynthetic inorganic carbon utilization was investigated in two cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechocystis PCC6803 grown in standing culture. Photosynthetic rates for the two algae reached about 10 times the theoretical CO₂ supply rate at low dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of 100 μmol/L, and the rates were unaffected by the addition of 20 mmol/L Na⁺, indicating that the two algae possessed Na+-independent HCO^-₃ utilization for photosynthesis under low DIC. Their photo- synthetic rates at low DIC were inhibited by higher Cl^- and the degrees of inhibition were increased with the rise of CI^- concentration, and in the presence of Diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC), a reported Cl^- channel inhibitor, the rates decreased by 74%－82%, implying that putative DPC-sensitive Cl^- channels participate in Na+-independent HCO₃^- uptake for photosynthesis. The experiment of intracellular 14C-DIC accumulation for photosynthesis showed that internal DIC pools decreased by about 80% with 200 μmol/L DPC and by 64%－70% with 100 mmol/L Cl^-. The experiment of chlorophyll a fluorescence quenching showed that initial rates and extents of fluorescence quenching obviously decreased with 200 μmol/L DPC or 100 mmol/L Cl^-. The two experiments gave further evidence that putative DPC-sen- sitive Cl^- channels participate in Na+-independent HCO^-₃ uptake for photosynthesis in the two algae grown in standing culture.     

Effect of fatty acids on polyamine contents and Na+/H+ antiport activity in PM vesicles isolated from roots of barley under salt stress

With 200 mmol/L NaCl treatment on barley cultivar “Jian 4” (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. J4) seedlings for 6 d, the contents of covalently and noncovalently conjugated polyamines (PAs) and activities of H⁺-ATPase in plasma membrane (PM) vesicles isolated from the roots decreased remarkably. Moreover, the activity of Na⁺/H⁺ antiport was detected first in PM vesicles. The results showed that the decrease in the contents of membrane phospholipid, noncovalently conjugated PAs and activity of H⁺-ATPase caused by NaCl could be restored partially by application of 1 mmol/L stearie acid (C_16:0) and linoleic acid (C_18:2), and C_18:2 was more effective than C_16:0 In addition, a reduction in the contents of covalently conjugated PAs was only reversed partially in the presence of C_18:2 Furthermore, Na⁺/H⁺ antiport activity was strengthened by exogenous C_16:0 and C_18:2 and C_18:2 was more effective than C_16:0. The correlative analysis suggested that, after application of C_16:0 and C_18:2 under salt stress, there was a significant positive correlation existing among phospholipid content, noncovalently conjugated PA levels, H⁺-ATPase activities and Na⁺/H⁺ antiport activities, indicating that one of the mitigative mechanisms of exogenous fatty acids on salt injury was to improve membrane phospholipid and PA contents, leading to an enhance in membrane integrity and a change in charge status of PM vesicles, so the activity of membrane-associated enzyme H⁺-ATPase was increased and synthesis of Na⁺/H⁺ antiport protein was activated.     

Comparative proteomics analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">OsNAS1</Emphasis> transgenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> under salt stress

Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses in agricultural plants worldwide. We used proteomics to analyze the differential expression of proteins in transgenic OsNAS1 and non-transformant Brassica napus treated with 20 mmol/L Na₂CO₃. Total protein from the leaves was extracted and separated through a high-resolution and highly repetitive two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) technology system. Twelve protein spots were reproducibly observed to be upregulated by more than 2-fold between transgenic and non-transformant B. napus. These 12 spots were digested in-gel with trypsin and characterized by matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) to obtain the peptide mass fingerprints. Protein database searching revealed that 5 of these proteins are involved in salt tolerance: dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase, 20S proteasome beta subunit, and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. The potential functions of these identified proteins in substance and energy metabolism, stress tolerance, protein degradation, and cell defense are discussed. The salt tolerance of the transgenic rapeseed was significantly improved by the introduction of the OsNAS1 gene from Brazilian upland rice of Oryza sativa (cv. IAPAR 9).     

盐胁迫和铝胁迫对加拿大一枝黄花种子萌发的影响

为探究加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)在不同浓度下对盐胁迫和铝胁迫的耐受性,以加拿大一枝黄花为材料,采用室内生物测定的方法,利用0、200、400、800、1600、3200 mg/L不同浓度NaCl和AlCl₃溶液处理加拿大一枝黄花种子,并对其萌发特性进行比较研究。结果表明:(1)加拿大一枝黄花种子的发芽率随着NaCl浓度的增加而降低,与对照相比,800 mg/L浓度的NaCl溶液对其发芽率和发芽势产生显著抑制作用(P<0.05),当浓度为1600~3200mg/L时,发芽率和发芽势极显著降低(P<0.01),当浓度为800~3200 mg/L时,加拿大一枝黄花发芽指数极显著降低(P<0.01);(2)加拿大一枝黄花种子发芽率随着AlCl₃浓度的增加而降低,与对照相比,200~3200mg/L的AlCl₃溶液对其发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数受到极显著抑制作用(P<0.01)。(3)加拿大一枝黄花种子对盐胁迫具有相对更强的耐受性。     

Salt tolerance conferred by over-expression ofOsNHX1 gene in Poplar 84K

OsNHX1 gene (Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter gene ofOryza sativa L.) was introduced into Poplar 84K withAgrobacterium tumefaciens- mediated transformation. PCR, Southern and Northern blot analysis showed thatOsNHX1 gene was incorporated successfully into the genome of Poplar 84K and expressed in these transgenic plants. Salt tolerance test showed that three lines of transgenic plants grew normally in the presence of 200 mmol/L NaCl, while the Na⁺ content in the leaves of the transgenic plants grown at 200 mmol/L NaCl was significantly higher than that in plants grown at 0 mmol/L NaCl. The osmotic potential in the transgenic plants with high salinity treatment was lower than that of control plants. Our results demonstrate the potential use of these transgenic plants for agricultural use in saline soils.     

Synergistic defensive mechanism of phytochelatins and antioxidative enzymes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica chinensis</Emphasis> L. against Cd stress

Brassica chinensis L. was chosen and exposed to different concentrations of Cd exposure to evaluate its Cd-accumulating capacity and its potential cellular defensive mechanisms. Cd accumulation in the shoots and roots of B. chinensis was up to 1348.3±461.8 and 3761.0±795.0 mg per killogram of dry weight, respectively, under 200 μmol/L of Cd exposure. Increasing Cd accumulation in the plant was accompanied by rapid accumulation of phytochelatins （PCs）, and the sequestration of Cd by PCs provided a primary cellular mechanism for Cd detoxification and tolerance of B. chinensis. Furthermore, malondialdehyde formation, hydrogen peroxide content and antioxidative enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase were observed in the shoots of Cd-stressed B. chinensis. Increasing enzyme activities in response to concentrations of 5 to 50 μmol/L Cd showed an efficient defense against oxidative stress, suggesting that the antioxidative system was a secondary defensive mechanism. These resulted in reduced free Cd damage and enhanced Cd accumulation and tolerance. Glutathione plays a pivotal role in these two detoxification pathways. In general, these results suggested that PCs and the antioxidative system are synergistic in combatting Cd-induced oxidative stress and that they play important roles in Cd detoxification of B. chinensis, and also give a deep understanding of the natural defensive mechanisms in plants under heavy metal stress.     

外源钙对盐胁迫下菊花生理效应影响

 为了探索外源钙能否缓解盐胁迫对栽培菊花的伤害及其适宜浓度,提高盐渍条件下菊花的栽培品质,以不同浓度的外源钙（CaCl2）搭配150mmol/LNaCl溶液分别浇灌盆栽菊花植株,研究盐胁迫条件下外源钙对菊花形态和生理效应的影响。结果表明,在NaCl胁迫条件下,经CaCl2处理植株较无CaCl2处理植株（对照）盛花期延长2d;处理30d后,植株鲜重/干重比值增加7.2%～33.3%;叶内丙二醛（MDA）含量降低6.6%～26.0%;过氧化物酶（POD）活性增加17.4%～67.8%;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性增加1.4%～2.7%;叶绿素（a+b）含量增加10.7%～70.0%。外源CaCl2显著提高了盐胁迫下的菊花抗性,其中以1mmol/L CaCl2效果最佳。     

盐胁迫对两种小麦叶片蛋白质的影响

以抗性不同的两种小麦89122和9614为实验材料,研究了NaCl处理对小麦叶片蛋白质质量分数及结构的影响.与对照比,150 mmol/L和300 mmol/L的NaCl处理抑制89122和9614小麦种子的萌发和幼芽的生长,此效应具有浓度依赖性,但相同浓度的处理对89122产生的抑制效应明显弱亍对9614小麦的抑制效应;NaCl处理使89122小麦幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白质量分数增加,却使9614小麦幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白质量分数减少;此外,傅立叶红外光谱分析结果表明,NaCl处理使两种小麦幼苗叶片蛋白的C=O键和C-N键都受不同程度的扰动.     

菠菜乙醇酸氧化酶基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

在菠菜全基因组中鉴定了菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)乙醇酸氧化酶(GLO)家族成员,并对其理化性质、亚细胞定位、基因结构、保守基序、同源关系及基因表达进行了分析,发现菠菜中存在5个SoGLOs蛋白,通过进化树分析,菠菜GLO蛋白与甜菜GLO蛋白亲缘关系较近.通过基因结构分析发现该家族基因由9～11个外显子构成.实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)结果表明:硝态氮仅能短期诱导SoGLOs的表达,而铵态氮可以持续抑制SoGLOs的表达,从而影响菠菜草酸的含量.在胁迫处理后,SoGLOs的表达均有明显变化,SoGLO1,SoGLO3和SoGLO5对盐胁迫的响应最明显,SoGLOs可能在菠菜的抗盐、耐高温、耐寒、抗旱以及抗氧化过程中起作用.植物激素的喷施普遍使SoGLOs的表达在短时间内增加,这可能引起菠菜体内草酸的快速积累.     

油菜籽焦磷酸:果糖-6-磷酸1-磷酸转移酶的动力学研究

采用DEAE-Sephadex A-50及磷酸纤维素柱层析,用底物亲和洗脱法从萌发油菜(Brassica napus)种子中分离纯化了焦磷酸:果糖-6-磷酸1-磷酸转移酶(PFP).纯化倍数679.7倍,比活力为21.75 单位/毫克.蛋白,活力回收率22.9%.酶的最适pH值为7.5,Mg2+和M2+n对酶有激活作用.进行酶的初级动力学及稳态动力学研究,对果糖-6-磷酸(F6P)表现为典型的米氏规律,Km值为3.33 mmol/L;对焦磷酸(PPi)的活力变化,在PPi浓度小于1.0 mmol/L时具有部分米氏酶特点(Km＝1.0 mmol/L),大于1.0 mmol/L时,PPi对酶有抑制作用.从两底物F6P和PPi的相互作用以及产物磷酸(Pi)与底物(F6P和PPi)的相互关系分析,初步推断油菜籽PFP的催化反应为双底物双产物的有序机制.     

Transformation of japonica rice with<Emphasis Type="Italic">RHL</Emphasis> gene and salt tolerance of the transgenic rice plant

Overexpression of the yeastHAL2 gene increases salt tolerance of yeast and plant. RiceHAL2-like (RHL) gene was introduced into ajaponica rice cultivar HJ19 withAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Transgenic plants in R₀ generation were selected on the principle of GUS-positive,RHL gene PCR-positive and normal growth. Hygromycin-resistant plants of some transgenic lines in R₁ generation increased salt tolerance during the seedling and booting stage, being less damaged in the cytomembrane and stronger in leaf tissue viability under salt stress during booting period. Southern analysis of transgenic lines tolerant to salt in R₁ generation showed that theRHL gene expression cassette had been successfully integrated into rice genome. Moreover, gene engineering breeding methodology and really salt-tolerant rice cultivar were discussed.     

外源ALA对盐胁迫下豌豆幼苗生理特性的影响

在温室条件下研究外源ALA对盐胁迫下豌豆幼苗生理特性的影响.在100mmol/L NaCl盐胁迫下,研究0.001～1mmol/L ALA对豌豆幼苗生理特性的影响.100mmol/L NaCl盐胁迫导致豌豆幼苗氧化损伤,SOD等保护酶活性升高;0.1 mmol/L ALA处理对盐胁迫下的豌豆幼苗有显著的保护作用,使叶片MDA含量降低25.87%,SOD,POD和CAT活性分别提高28.74%,20.68%和36.83%,幼苗株高、鲜物质量分别提高0.975,0.15倍,从而增强幼苗的抗盐性.0.1mmol/L ALA能缓解盐胁迫下豌豆幼苗的氧化损伤,显著提高SOD等保护酶活性.     

dr1127： A novel gene of Deinococcus radiodurans responsible for oxidative stress

The functional analysis of dr1127,a novel gene in Deinococcus radiodurans was performed in this pa-per. The dr1127 gene was found occasionally in our microarray and 2-DE gel experiments. Mutation of the dr1127 gene decreased the γ-radiation and H2O2 resistance of D. radiodurans,and weakened the scavenging abilities of cell extracts for free radicals (superoxide anion,hydrogen peroxide,and hy-droxyl radical). Further oxidative damage assays demonstrated that the purified DR1127 protein of D. radiodurans could bind to double stranded DNA in vitro and protect DNA from oxidative damage in this way. These results suggest that the dr1127 gene is an important gene that can maintain γ-radiation and oxidative resistance in D. radiodurans and may take part in the oxidative stress process.     

Enhancement in wheat leaf photophosphorylation and photosynthesis by spraying low concentration of NaHSO3

Spraying 1—2 mmol/L NaHSO₃ on the leaf of wheat results in enhancement of photosynthesis in leaves for about 3 d. The amount of ATP has been increased and the millisecond delayed light emission of the leaves has been enhanced, showing that the transmembrane proton motive force related to photophosphorylation is increased. Spraying PMS (a cofactor catalyzing cycle photophosphorylation) and NaHSO₃ separately or together on the leaves, 20% increase in photosynthesis has been observed in all the treatments. There is no additive effect when a mixture is applied, suggesting that the mechanism for NaHSO₃ promotion of photosynthesis is similar to PMS, and both of them enhance the supply of ATP.     

Degradation of the antibiotic sulfamonomethoxine sodium in aqueous solution by photo-Fenton oxidation

In this study, photo-Fenton oxidation was applied to degradation of sulfamonomethoxine sodium (SMMS) in aqueous solution. The operation parameters of pH, temperature, and concentrations of H2O2, Fe2+ and SMMS were investigated. The optimum conditions for the photo-Fenton process were determined as follows: [SMMS]=4.53 mg/L, pH 4.0, [H2O2]=0.49 mmol/L, [Fe2+]= 19.51 μmol/L and T=25°C. Under these conditions 98.5% of the SMMS degraded. The kinetics were also studied, and degradation of SMMS by the photo-Fenton process could be described by first-order kinetics. The apparent activation energy was calculated as 23.95 kJ/mol. Mineralization of the process was investigated by measuring the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and the COD decreased by 99% after 120 min. This process could be used as a pretreatment method for wastewater containing sulfamonomethoxine sodium.     

四环素胁迫对羊角月牙藻生长及抗氧化系统的影响

为探究四环素对藻类产生的毒性效应,选择羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)作为受试生物,采用室内试验方法,研究不同质量浓度的四环素(0,0.2,0.4,0.8,1.6,3.2 mg/L)对羊角月牙藻的生长抑制情况、叶绿素a含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及活性氧(ROS)水平的影响。结果表明:四环素对羊角月牙藻的生长具有抑制作用,96 h半数效应浓度(EC_(50))为3.142 mg/L;四环素抑制了羊角月牙藻细胞中的叶绿素a含量;试验96 h时,随着四环素浓度的增大,羊角月牙藻细胞的SOD活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,MDA含量、ROS水平均表现为升高趋势。因此,四环素可胁迫羊角月牙藻产生氧化应激反应,损害藻体的抗氧化系统,对水生生态系统具有潜在风险。     

溶解氧水平对褐牙鲆幼鱼能量代谢和氧化应激的影响研究

【目的】查明溶解氧含量下降对褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼能量代谢及氧化应激的影响。【方法】测定褐牙鲆幼鱼在溶解氧由7.4mg/L下降至0.9mg/L过程中耗氧率、排氨率、氧氮比以及氧化应激指标的变化。【结果】随着溶解氧含量(DO)降低,褐牙鲆幼鱼耗氧率呈"U"型变化,氧氮比呈倒"U"型变化,褐牙鲆幼鱼肌肉中丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,尽管肌肉和肝脏中过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活性有增强的趋势,但由于体内产生过多的活性氧自由基,使得脂质过氧化反应增强,脂质过氧化物增多,机体仍表现出氧化损伤。【结论】褐牙鲆幼鱼的能量代谢指标和部分氧化应激指标对溶解氧含量下降有明显反应,可作为判断溶解氧含量是否对褐牙鲆产生胁迫及调控养殖水体溶解氧含量的依据。     

菠菜抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

利用生物信息学分析方法,在菠菜全基因组中鉴定出了菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)家族成员,并对其理化性质、亚细胞定位、基因结构、保守基序、同源关系及基因表达进行了分析,发现菠菜中存在7个SoAPXs(SoAPX1～7)基因,并通过进化树分析将菠菜APX家族分为4类.基因结构分析发现该家族基因由5～9个外显子构成.亚细胞定位预测表明大部分菠菜APX蛋白定位在细胞质.实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)结果表明:SoAPXs在各个组织器官中呈组成型表达,其中SoAPX1和SoAPX3的组织表达模式相似,SoAPX4和SoAPX5相似,SoAPX2在新叶中表达最高,SoAPX7在雄花中表达最高.对经胁迫处理后的样品进行表达分析发现,低温胁迫与氧化胁迫对SoAPXs的表达均有诱导作用,盐胁迫与干旱胁迫也刺激了大部分SoAPXs的表达.这些结果表明:SoAPXs可能在菠菜的抗盐、耐寒、抗旱以及抗氧化过程中起作用,为后续深入鉴定APX家族成员的功能提供参考.