小攻角水翼空泡流瞬态与周期现象试验

对ＮＡＣＡ１６０１２水翼在２°攻角下的空泡流特性进行了研究,在空泡流处于由稳态向周期低频脉动过渡和发展的过程中,通过噪声与低频振动的频谱分析,发现在特定的临界空泡数范围内,空泡流态不再保持稳定,而出现由某一个特征频率所表征的周期或准周期剧烈非线性低频脉动,脉动频率随速度的增加而略有增长．根据空泡噪声频带总声级随空泡数变化的特征,可以判断跨空泡流发生的范围．     

低比转速离心泵非定常空化流动特性

为了研究低比转速离心泵的空化流动特性,基于SST k-ω湍流模型和ZGB空化模型,在不同进口压力条件下对离心泵内部空化流动进行三维非定常数值模拟,研究了离心泵在发生空化时不同位置的压力脉动规律和空泡体积变化规律.结果表明:空化发生后叶轮压力脉动主频为叶频,流道进口处次频脉动幅值增长明显;空化时叶轮流道靠近叶轮出口处的压力脉动幅值增长率与叶轮流道进口处压力脉动幅值增长率相比增长更明显;空化时叶轮流道进口处的压力脉动与叶轮流道、出口及隔舌处压力脉动相比存在迟滞现象;空化过程中空泡体积的增长过程是非线性的.     

异常低水头下水泵水轮机压力脉动特性分析

为了研究水泵水轮机在异常低水头下内部流动的压力脉动特性,以某抽水蓄能电站模型水泵水轮机为研究对象,基于大涡模拟方法,对模型机组进行全流道非定常数值计算.结合试验数据,分析异常低水头下流道内不同位置处压力脉动特征和流态特征,讨论流量变化对机组压力脉动特性的影响.结果表明:异常低水头下,压力脉动主要由"导叶-转轮-尾水管"之间的两级动静干涉以及肘管段结构弯曲引起水流撞击等因素共同引起;流量变化对导叶后转轮前压力脉动的频率和幅值影响不大,仅在小流量区有所区别;尾水管内压力脉动的低频值和幅值受流量变化的影响较大,而高频值则在各种流量状况下均未出现.与正常运行工况相比,水泵水轮机在异常低水头工况下的压力脉动特性明显增强,对机组的稳定性和安全性造成了十分不利的影响.     

低脉动齿轮泵瞬时流量特性研究

从分析齿轮泵的流量特性入手,通过MATLAB对齿轮泵流量特性的仿真,分析了径向齿轮泵中心轮齿数的确定原则,阐明了利用径向并联式齿轮泵和轴向并联式齿轮泵齿轮错位安装的办法,可显著降低齿轮泵的流量脉动。研究表明:四对错位安装的多齿轮泵的流量脉动只有普通外啮合齿轮泵流量脉动的1/16,流量脉动频率比普通外啮合齿轮泵快4倍,该泵的流量特性也明显优于普通内啮合齿轮泵,该研究为进一步开发该种高压、低脉动齿轮泵奠定了基础。     

离心泵进口回流的发生机理及预估

在小流量工况下,水泵进口不可避免会出现回流,从而影响水泵的安全运行．文中利用动态探针对不同叶片进口角、叶片数、闭式和开式不同叶顶间隙共１０种不同几何形状的离心泵叶轮的进口叶片间流场分布进行了测试,弄清了叶轮形状对回流向上游扩散速度的影响．根据实验结果,讨论了回流的发生机理,提出了利用准三元流场计算和前盖板上紊流边界层计算相结合的方法,来预估常规叶片数的闭式叶轮进口回流发生点．     

轴流泵空化流及其诱导压力脉动的数值模拟

基于改进的空化模型和SSTk-ω湍流模型,对轴流泵的流量-扬程曲线、空化特性及其诱导非定常空化压力脉动进行了数值模拟和分析.数值模拟结果表明:设计工况下的扬程、效率和必需空化余量预测误差分别为3.41%,4.10%和6.32%,获得了较高的预测精度;轴流泵叶轮空泡主要分布在叶片背面进口10%~30%区域,从轮缘到轮毂叶片空化区域逐渐减小;轴流泵叶轮出口在空化条件下的压力脉动的主频仍为叶频,谐频为叶频的倍数.叶轮出口受到叶轮外缘严重空化流的影响,在临界空化余量工况下,靠近轮缘处的空化压力脉动幅值是轮毂侧4倍左右;在导叶出口处两者差异逐渐减小,轮缘处的幅值比轮毂处仅大40%左右.随着空化余量不断降低,叶轮内空化趋于严重时,空泡发生区的压力脉动幅值显著增大;但在叶轮进口处,由于空化流向叶轮下游发展,叶轮上游流场受到空化的影响较小,在不同空化余量下压力脉动幅值变化较小.     

叶顶间隙对轴流泵外特性及空化性能影响研究

为探究叶顶间隙对轴流泵外特性及空化性能的影响,基于修正的SST k-ω湍流模型和Z-G-B空化模型,对350ZQ-70型潜水轴流泵进行数值模拟,对比分析不同叶顶间隙下轴流泵的外特性曲线、叶轮流道内的压力脉动、空泡体积分数分布等.结果表明:随着间隙的增大,泵扬程和效率降低;小流量工况下流动失稳现象明显加强,扬程曲线会出现驼峰现象;进口边近轮毂侧比近轮缘侧更易发生空化;设计流量下,轮缘间隙空化首先出现在叶片中部,而不是叶片进口;叶片背面空化会影响相邻叶片工作面压力分布;存在临界间隙值,未达该值前,间隙增大主要降低叶轮的做功能力,对空化性能影响不大,超过该值后,空化稳定性降低,诱导压力脉动;对于实验泵,临界值在1.5~2 mm;随着间隙的增大,轮缘处空化程度不断增强,进口边空化程度反而有所减轻;根据轴流泵叶轮组装结构,从保护轮毂叶轮体的角度考虑,兼顾做功能力和运行稳定性,实验泵选择间隙为1.5 mm较为合适.     

特种涡轮驱动混流泵瞬态空化特性

为了研究水泵液压系统瞬态特性,建立了水泵液压系统运动物速度和泵转速的瞬态数学模型,分析了涡轮泵启动瞬态过程中0.73,0.90和1.00s三个典型时刻运动物速度与加速度、泵流量及其空化特性.数值模拟结果表明:不同NPSH工况叶片表面空泡分布规律一致,在叶片弦跨度0.7~1.0区域,空泡体积分数向轮缘方向迅速增大,在轮缘区达到最大值;在运动物出舱工况下,当装置空化余量为14.23m时,轮缘圆周面上平均空穴面积达到33%左右,空泡堵塞了叶片流道,导致泵扬程下降了约61%,满足不了水泵液压系统运动物的加速度要求.模型泵试验结果表明:水泵液压系统涡轮泵启动后,泵转速近似线性加速,泵的必需空化余量值随之迅速增大,在运动物出舱时涡轮泵转速、流量和必需空化余量均达到最大值,为了避免涡轮泵叶轮空化诱导运动物出舱失败,应规定水泵液压系统最小潜水深度.     

涡带工况下轴流泵装置内部脉动特性数值分析

为研究涡带工况时立式轴流泵装置内部流场压力脉动情况,开展了立式轴流泵装置非定常数值模拟,通过设置监测点,获得了不同位置的压力脉动结果,并进行了频谱分析.通过物理模型试验及PIV流场测试技术验证了数值计算结果的有效性,重点分析了叶轮进口及箱涵式进水流道底部的压力脉动特性.研究结果表明,涡带工况时叶轮进口的脉动主频已不再受轴频控制.不同工况时叶轮进口的相同监测点的脉动主频存在差异性.大流量工况时叶轮进口的脉动相对幅值较大,且涡带诱发的脉动主频与轴频相同.各工况时箱涵式进水流道底部水力脉动均为低频涡带脉动.在大流量工况时,箱涵式进水流道底部的脉动压力主频与轴频相同,次主频与叶频相同,扭矩变化主频与叶轮的轴频相同.     

包角对中转速比离心泵流场及压力脉动的影响

为了研究叶片包角对中转速比离心泵性能的影响,以转速比为129的中转速比离心泵为研究对象,在确保叶轮其他设计参数恒定的同时,设计了90°、100°、110°、120°、130°5种包角的叶轮。运用Fluent仿真软件非定常数值模拟计算得到不同包角情况下泵外部特性曲线及叶轮内部压力和速度分布云图,通过测量水泵蜗壳及叶轮内7个监测点压力的数据得到离心泵压力脉动特性。研究结果表明:水泵扬程及效率随叶片包角的增大均有所降低且效率最高点向小流量方向偏移,包角增至130°时相比90°包角,扬程降低13%,效率降低5.2%;随着包角的增大,叶片进口低压区增多,出口高压区减少,叶轮内低速区减少,出口速度增大;额定流量下,蜗壳内压力脉动主频约为一倍叶频,流道内压力脉动主频约为一倍转频,各监测点压力脉动幅值随包角增大整体呈上升趋势。于是,综合考虑选取120°作为中转速比离心泵包角最优取值。探究叶片包角对中转速比离心泵内部流场及压力脉动影响规律,可为中转速比离心泵水力优化提供理论支持。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to