马氏体钢力学性能和耐磨性的关系

对自行研制的新型马氏体耐磨钢20Si2Ni3进行了Q-P-T(淬火-分配-回火)及传统淬火-回火(Q-T)热处理,用MLD-10型动载磨料磨损实验机比较在1.5J冲击能量、石英砂磨料条件下,20Si2Ni3钢和高锰钢ZGMn13的冲击磨料磨损性能,并用X射线测量磨损实验前后20Si2Ni3钢残余奥氏体量的变化,用扫描电镜(SEM)分析磨损机理。结果表明:经两种热处理工艺后的20Si2Ni3钢,其冲击磨料磨损性能均优于高锰钢。相比传统Q-T热处理工艺,经Q-P-T热处理后的20Si2Ni3钢,在保持较高硬度的同时,冲击韧性得到了较大提高;不同热处理工艺后,在硬度均约HRC45.5时,20Si2Ni3钢的冲击磨料磨损性能随着冲击韧性的增加而提高,磨损机理以显微犁削为主。     

氩弧熔敷原位自生WC复合涂层组织及耐磨性

为提高采煤机中截齿的耐磨性能,利用氩弧熔敷技术,在35CrMnSi钢表面制备WC增强Ni基复合涂层。利用OM、SEM、XRD和EDS分析复合涂层的显微组织,采用显微维氏硬度仪测试复合涂层的显微硬度,并测试涂层在室温磨损条件下的耐磨性能。结果表明：氩弧熔敷涂层组织均匀致密,熔敷涂层与基体呈冶金结合,主要由WC、W：C、T—Ni、（Fe,Cr）23,C6等物相组成;WC颗粒呈弥散分布,颗粒尺寸为1txm;熔敷涂层可以改善基体的表面硬度,最高显微硬度可达12．6GPa;熔敷涂层在室温冲击磨粒磨损实验条件下,具有优异的耐磨性,磨损机制主要是磨粒磨桶．其耐磨性较35CrMnSi基体提高近12倍。     

Characterization and wear behavior of WC-0.8Co coating on cast steel rolls by electro-spark deposition

To prepare high wear resistance and high hardness coatings, electro-spark deposition was adopted for depositing an electrode of a mixture of 92wt%WC+8wt%Co on a cast steel roll substrate. The coating was characterized by classical X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The results indicate that the coating shows nanosized particulate structure and dendritic structure including columnar structure and equiaxed structure. The primary phases of the coating contain Fe₃W₃C, Co₃W₃C, Fe₂C and Si₂W. The coating has a low friction coefficient of 0.13, its average wear-resistance is 3.3 times that of the cast steel roll substrate and the main mechanism is abrasive wear. The maximum microhardness value of the coating is about 1573.9 Hv_0.3. The study reveals that the electro-spark deposition process has the characteristic of better coating quality and the coating has higher wear resistance and hardness.     

Wear and corrosion resistance of laser-cladded Fe-based composite coatings on AISI 4130 steel

The wear and corrosion resistance of Fe_72.2Cr_16.8Ni_7.3Mo_1.6Mn_0.7C_0.2Si_1.2 and Fe_77.3Cr_15.8Ni_3.9Mo_1.1Mn_0.5C_0.2Si_1.2 coatings laser-cladded on AISI 4130 steel were studied. The coatings possess excellent wear and corrosion resistance despite the absence of expensive yttrium, tungsten, and cobalt and very little molybdenum. The microstructure mainly consists of dendrites and eutectic phases, such as duplex (γ+α)-Fe and the Fe–Cr (Ni) solid solution, confirmed via energy dispersive spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. The cladded Fe-based coatings have lower coefficients of friction, and narrower and shallower wear tracks than the substrate without the cladding, and the main wear mechanism is mild abrasive wear. Electrochemical test results suggest that the soft Fe_72.2Cr_16.8Ni_7.3Mo_1.6Mn_0.7C_0.2Si_1.2 coating with high Cr and Ni concentrations has high passivation resistance, low corrosion current, and positive corrosion potential, providing a better protective barrier layer to the AISI 4130 steel against corrosion.     

炮钢表面等离子堆焊Fe基涂层及其烧蚀行为研究

在炮钢表面利用等离子堆焊分别制备了A、B两种Fe基耐烧蚀涂层,利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪分析了涂层的微观组织和元素含量,利用维氏硬度计测量了涂层的硬度,利用高速热流发生装置模拟了火炮发射时的高温高压环境,对涂层进行了烧蚀试验.结果表明,两种Fe基涂层均与基体形成了良好的冶金结合,涂层A的组织主要由Fe-Cr固溶体、Fe₃Ni₂及（Cr,Fe）₇C₃组成,涂层B的组织主要由Fe-Cr固溶体、Cr₃Ni₂、Fe_0.64Ni_0.36及Fe₇C₃组成.经过40次高速热流烧蚀后,电镜下观察涂层A发生的烧蚀行为,其烧蚀过程是由"晶间烧蚀"扩展到"沿晶烧蚀"最后到"全晶烧蚀",电镜下观察涂层B未发生明显的烧蚀行为,但是在热冷循环过程中产生了"穿晶"裂纹,与炮钢相比,两种涂层的耐烧蚀性能均有明显提高.      

Short-term exposure of low-alloyed steels in Qinghai Salt Lake atmosphere

The rusts formed on carbon steel and weathering steel exposed in Qinghai Salt Lake atmosphere for 6 months were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, infrared transmission spectroscopy （iRS）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, electron probe micro analyzer （EPMA） and electrochemical po- larization techniques. The two kinds of steels showed the similar corrosion rate, corrosion product composition and electrochemical polarization behavior. Their rusts were mainly composed of β-FeOOH, Fe8（O,OH）16Cl1.3 and a little γ-FeOOH. Cl^- played an important role during the corrosion process of low-alloyed steels. The alloyed elements Cr, Ni and Cu in weathering steel were detected in the rusts; however, they showed no remarkable protective ability.     

TiNi系形状记忆合金两体磨粒磨损机制研究

研究了硬度较低的ＮｉＴｉ系形状记忆合金的两体磨粒磨损行为,其耐磨性明显高于硬度较高的３８ＣｒＭｏＡｌ（氮化）合金,认为形状记忆合金（ＳＭＡ）的超弹性,弹性模量非线性,高强度及良好的耐疲劳性等因素的综合作用构成了ＳＭＡ的“自适应”磨损机制,这种“自适应”机制是ＮｉＴｉ系形状记忆合金具有极好耐磨性的根本原因。     

Preparation and properties of the Ni-Al/Fe-Al intermetallics composite coating produced by plasma cladding

A novel approach to produce an intermetallic composite coating was put forward. The microstructure, microhardness, and dry-sliding wear behavior of the composite coating were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) analysis, microhardness test, and ball-on-disc wear experiment. XRD results indicate that some new phases FeAl, Fe_0.23Ni_0.77Al, and Ni₃Al exit in the composite coating with the Al₂O₃ addition. SEM results show that the coating is bonded with carbon steel metallurgically and exhibits typical rapid directional solidification structures. The Cr₇C₃ carbide and intermetallic compounds co-reinforced composite coating has a high average hardness and exhibits an excellent wear resistance under dry-sliding wear test compared with the Cr₇C₃ carbide-reinforced composite coating. The formation mechanism of the intermetallic compounds was also investigated.     

Surface modification of Ti-45Al-8.5 Nb alloys by microarc oxidation to improve high-temperature oxidation resistance

Microarc oxidation(MAO)electrolysis plasma deposition was used to prepare Al_2O_3coatings on Ti-45Al-8.5 Nb alloys to improve high temperature oxidation resistance.The surface and cross-section morphologies before and after high-temperature oxidation,the chemical composition,and the phase identification of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),electron probe microanalyses(EPMA),and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results show that Al_2O_3coatings with a thickness of approximately 8μm can be obtained on the Ti-45Al-8.5 Nb alloys by MAO for 600 s.The samples with the Al_2O_3coatings exhibited better high-temperature oxidation resistance.A minimal weight gain of only 0.396 g/m~2after 100 h oxidation at 900°C was observed for the coatings formed with a deposition voltage of 400 V and using a duty cycle of 3%.The deposition mechanism of the Al_2O_3coatings and the effect of the MAO parameters are also described.     

搅拌方式对Ni-TiN复合镀层影响的研究

采用机械搅拌和超声波搅拌的电镀方法,在45钢基体上制备Ni-TiN复合镀层。利用原子吸收分光光度计(AAS)、扫描电镜(SEM)及摩擦磨损试验机对复合镀层的TiN粒子复合量、显微组织及其耐磨性能进行研究。结果表明,超声波搅拌-电沉积制备的Ni-TiN复合镀层,其TiN微粒的复合量最大值为10.7wt%,而机械搅拌-电沉积制得的Ni-TiN复合镀层,其TiN微粒的复合量最大值为8.8wt%。采用机械搅拌时,Ni-TiN复合镀层表面有大量粒径较大的颗粒出现,其平均粒径在3μm;而采用超声波搅拌时,Ni-TiN复合镀层表面颗粒相对较小,约为1μm。摩擦磨损试验表明,超声波搅拌-电沉积Ni-TiN复合镀层的磨损程度较小,而机械搅拌-电沉积Ni-TiN复合镀层的磨损程度则较为严重。     

温度对40Cr钢温挤压成形的摩擦--磨损性能影响

采用温挤压技术对40Cr钢进行成形试验,考察了不同温度下温挤压试样的摩擦-磨损行为.通过扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪分析了40Cr钢磨损后表面形貌、化学元素分布和物相组成,讨论了40Cr钢温挤压的磨损机理.结果表明,在挤压温度为550℃时试样晶粒尺寸细小,残余奥氏体含量较高,硬度最高,其磨损性能为最佳;而当温度为650℃和750℃时,晶粒尺寸较粗大,残余奥氏体含量降低.在5N载荷作用下,挤压温度为550℃时,摩擦因数为0.7667;当挤压温度达到650℃,摩擦因数为0.8587,提高了12.01%,磨损性能降低;750℃时,摩擦因数为0.8764,相比550℃提高了14.31%,磨损性能进一步变差;在550、650和750℃时,磨损形式主要为磨粒磨损.     

镍基纳米Al2O3粉末复合电刷镀镀层的耐磨性

为了进一步提高刷镀层的耐磨性 ,在 4 5 #钢基体上刷镀含有纳米 Al2 O3粉末的镍基复合镀层。通过光学金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜对镀层显微组织进行分析 ,用显微硬度计测定了镀层和基体的硬度 ,在 SRV磨损试验机上进行了磨损试验 ,用表面形貌仪测量了镀层磨损量。试验结果表明 ,加入纳米 Al2 O3粉末的复合镀层的硬度要比单纯的致密镍镀层的硬度高。随着纳米 Al2 O3粉末加入量的增加 ,复合镀层硬度逐渐提高。含纳米 Al2 O3粉末的镍基复合镀层与单纯致密镍镀层相比 ,具有更高的耐磨性 ,将有广泛的应用前景。     

Effect of FeO on the formation of spinel phases and chromium distribution in the CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3-Cr2O3 system

Synthetic slag samples of the CaO-SiO₂-MgO-Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃ system were obtained to clarify the effect of FeO on the formation of spinel phases and Cr distribution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), as well as the thermodynamic software FactSage 6.2, were used for sample characterization. The results show that the addition of FeO can decrease the viscosity of molten slag and the precipitation temperatures of melilite and merwinite. The solidus temperature significantly decreases from 1400 to 1250°C with the increase of FeO content from 0wt% to 6wt%. The addition of FeO could enhance the content of Cr in spinel phases and reduce the content of Cr in soluble minerals, such as merwinite, melilite, and dicalcium silicate. Hence, the addition of FeO is conducive to decreasing Cr leaching.     

Addition of IrO2 to RuO2+TiO2 coated anodes and its effect on electrochemical performance of anodes in acid media

Ternary mixed metal oxide coatings with the nominal composition IrxRu(0.6-x)Ti0.4O2(x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) on the titanium substrate were prepared by thermal decomposition of a chloride precursor mixture. Surface morphology and microstructure of the coatings were investigated by Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis. Systematic study of electrochemical properties of these coatings was performed by cyclic voltammetry(CV) and polarization measurements. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was evaluated under accelerated conditions(j=2 A cm-2) in acidic electrolyte. The role of iridium oxide admixture in the change of electrocatalytic activity and stability of Ru0.6Ti0.4O2coating was discussed. Small addition of IrO2can improve the stability of the RuO2+TiO2mixed oxide, while the electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction(OER) is decreased. The shift of redox potentials for Ru0.6Ti0.4O2electrode that is slightly activated with IrO2and improvement in the stability can be attributed to the synergetic effect of mixed oxide formation.     

工具钢表面激光熔覆耐磨性试验研究

使用5kWCO2激光器对9SiCr工具钢表面进行Co基和Ni基合金熔覆处理·利用销盘式摩擦试验机对激光熔覆表面和Q235配副进行干摩擦和油润滑试验,通过扫描电镜研究了熔覆层表面磨损形貌并分析了干摩擦和润滑条件下磨损机理·试验结果表明,熔覆区磨损形式主要是磨粒、粘着磨损·干摩擦时,Ni合金熔覆层比Co合金耐磨性要好;润滑条件下,两种合金的耐磨性比干摩擦时都有很大提高     

堆焊Mo-Cr-Fe-B合金覆层的组织及性能研究

采用自制Mo-Cr-Fe-B系药芯焊丝通过堆焊法在Q235钢基体表面制备覆层。借助光学显微镜、SEM、XRD、EDS、显微硬度计、磨损试验机等对覆层及结合界面的组织结构、物相、硬度分布及耐磨性进行了表征与分析,并研究了覆层堆焊成型的反应过程。结果表明,覆层主要由Mo_2FeB_2、M_3B_2(M:Mo、Cr、Fe)、Fe_2B、Fe(Cr、Mo)等相组成,覆层与钢基体结合良好,在覆层-钢基体界面结合处有元素的扩散,覆层硬度最高可达980HV0.5且耐磨性良好。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of twin-wire arc sprayed Ni-Al composite coatings on 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet

We have systematically studied the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni-5wt%Al and Ni-20wt%Al composite coatings fabricated on 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet by twin-wire arc spraying under different experimental conditions. The abrasive wear behavior and interface diffusion behavior of the composite coatings were evaluated by dry/wet rubber wheel abrasive wear tests and heat treatment, respectively. Experimental results indicate that the composite coatings exhibit features of adhesive wear. Besides, the Vickers microhardness of NiAl and Ni₃Al intermetallic compounds is relatively larger than that of the substrate, which is beneficial for enhancing the wear resistance. With the increase of annealing temperature and time, the interface diffusion area between the Ni-Al coating and the substrate gradually expands with the formation of NiAl₃ and Ni₂Al₃ phases, and is controlled by diffusion of aluminum atoms. The grain growth exponent n of diffusion kinetics of the Ni-Al coating, calculated via a high-temperature diffusion model at 400, 480, and 550℃, is between 0.28 and 0.38. This satisfies the cubic law, which is consistent with the general theoretical relationship of high-temperature diffusion.     

Electroless copper-phosphorus coatings with the addition of silicon carbide (SiC) particles

Cu-P-silicon carbide (SiC) composite coatings were deposited by means of electroless plating. The effects of pH values, temperature, and different concentrations of sodium hypophosphite (NaH₂PO₂·H₂O), nickel sulfate (NiSO₄·6H₂O), sodium citrate (C₆H₅Na₃O₇·2H₂O) and SiC on the deposition rate and coating compositions were evaluated, and the bath formulation for Cu-P-SiC composite coatings was optimised. The coating compositions were determined using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The corresponding optimal operating parameters for depositing Cu-P-SiC are as follows: pH 9; temperature, 90℃; NaH₂PO₂·H₂O concentration, 125 g/L; NiSO₄·6H₂O concentration, 3.125 g/L; SiC concentration, 5 g/L; and C₆H₅Na₃O₇·2H₂O concentration, 50 g/L. The surface morphology of the coatings analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that Cu particles are uniformly distributed. The hardness and wear resistance of Cu-P composite coatings are improved with the addition of SiC particles and increase with the increase of SiC content.     

Effects of aluminum and titanium on the microstructure of ODS steels fabricated by hot pressing

Three oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steels with compositions of Fe-14Cr-2W-0.2V-0.07Ta-0.3Y₂O₃ (wt%, so as the follows) (14Y), Fe-14Cr-2W-0.2V-0.07Ta-1Al-0.3Y₂O₃ (14YAl), and Fe-14Cr-2W-0.2V-0.07Ta-0.3Ti-0.3 Y₂O₃ (14YTi) were fabricated by hot pressing. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the microstructures and nanoparticles of these ODS steels. According to the TEM results, 14Y, 14YAl, and 14YTi ODS steels present similar bimodal structures containing both large and small grains. The addition of Al or Ti has no obvious effect on the microstructure of the steels. The spatial and size distribution of the nanoparticles was also analyzed. The results indicate that the average size of nanoparticles in the 14YTi ODS steel is smaller than that in the 14YAl ODS steel. Nanoparticles such as Y₂O₃, Y₃Al₅O₁₂ and YAlO₃, and Y₂Ti₂O₇ were identified in the 14Y, 14YAl, and 14YTi ODS steels, respectively.     

Preparation of Cr2O3 precursors by hydrothermal reduction in the abundant Na2CO3 and Na2CrO4 solution

Precursors of chromium oxide (p-Cr₂O₃) were prepared by reducing hexavalent chromium in the presence of sodium carbonate solution under hydrothermal conditions. Methanal was used as the reductant, and carbon dioxide was the acidulating agent. The influences of reaction temperature, initial pressure of carbon dioxide, isothermal time and methanal coefficient on Cr(VI) reduction were investigated. Experimental results showed that Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) with a yield of 99%. Chemical titration, thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the p-Cr₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃. The series of p-Cr₂O₃ were found to be multiphase even if they presented different colors, from gray green to lavender. After these p-Cr₂O₃ samples were calcined, the product of rhombohedral Cr₂O₃ with a purity of 99.5wt% was obtained.