苏州相城区望庭镇水稻田降雨 径流污染特征研究

为研究水稻田非点源污染降雨径流的流失规律,减少水田中氮、磷等对地表水环境的污染提供科学依据,在自然降雨条件下,开展水稻田降雨—产流—产污同步观测的非点源试验,分析了降雨强度、降雨前田面水深、农田管理等因素对水田产流、产污的影响,计算次降雨平均质量浓度(珋ρEMCs).试验结果表明:同一场次降雨不同污染物的流失规律有很大不同,不同场次降雨的珋ρEMCs差异也很大;水稻田降雨前期的田面水深是决定径流产生的一个重要影响因子,对于分析是否有径流产生和异常数据的解析有重要作用;化肥的施用以及降雨距离施肥后时间间隔是影响珋ρEMCs的重要因素;苏州望亭镇的试验点,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的径流输出系数分别为4.363和0.156kg·hm-2,分别占稻季施肥量的1.21%和0.35%.     

太滆运河流域水稻田径流污染试验研究

选择太滆运河流域水稻田开展非点源类型源试验,监测水稻生长期田间水深和水质,以及降雨-径流-产污过程,并调查水田灌溉及施肥等农田管理措施.基于观测的降雨量、水田出流流量及水质数据,计算次降雨平均质量浓度(EMCs),并结合田间水深和水质变化规律及农田管理措施,分析水稻田径流污染特征及其影响因素.结果表明,降雨量、降雨强度与EMCs之间没有明显的相关关系,EMCs与稻田中污染物质的质量存在正相关关系.在水稻生长期,水稻田水质变化较大的时间点主要发生在施肥后.水稻田田埂最低出口高度在水稻生长期存在变化,增加了水稻田非点源污染流失的复杂性,模拟水稻田的产流和非点源流出过程不能忽略这一重要因素.     

不同降雨强度下三种典型农田土壤非点源氮输出研究

以河南淮河流域典型土壤砂姜黑土、褐土、潮土为对象，人工模拟0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 mm/min降雨强度下径流产出、泥沙流失、氮元素输出状况，研究降雨强度与土壤类型对非点源氮元素输出的影响，为量化淮河流域农田非点源输出负荷、建立本地化非点源污染模型、制定区域非点源污染防治策略等提供依据.结果表明：降雨强度越大，径流量、泥沙流失量、氮元素输出负荷及其平均产出速率均较大；土壤类型对径流产出影响较小，对泥沙流失量与氮元素输出负荷有一定影响；径流中氮元素平均浓度以2.0 mm/min降雨强度时最大；三种土壤的累积氮元素输出负荷均随降雨强度的增大而增大，增加幅度较明显的降雨强度，砂姜黑土为1.0、2.5 mm/min，潮土为1.0、3.0 mm/min，褐土为1.5、3.0 mm/min；氮元素通过泥沙输出的量占总输出量的81.57%以上.降雨强度、土壤类型均对径流产出、泥沙流失、氮元素输出等产生影响，氮元素输出负荷具初期冲刷效应.控制产流初期氮流失与泥沙流失是减少农田非点源氮输出负荷的重要途径.     

九龙江流域降雨径流污染特征研究

选取福建省九龙江流域内5个典型小流域作为研究区．在GIS技术支持下．采用现场调查与资料收集,野外监测与室内分析相结合的方法．利用2003年5～6月两场降雨事件全过程实测的水文数据、营养盐氮、磷负荷进行对比分析．得到不同土地利用类型小流域降雨径流污染特征与规律：降雨径流中污染物浓度高于非降雨期,且总氮、总磷的流失负荷主要受降雨强度、径流量大小影响,浓度变化过程与流量变化呈大致相同的趋势．溶解性污染物如氨氮．在降雨径流过程中浓度变化幅度较小．表明其溶解性所受到的水环境条件的限制可能大于流量变化对它的影响．施肥水平对污染负荷也有较大的影响．径流流失的氮素以可溶态氮为主．磷素主要以颗粒态磷为主．但以林地为主的小流域．因植被覆盖好．几乎不发生土壤侵蚀．磷素的径流流失以可溶态磷为主．     

洪泽湖地区麦稻两熟农田和杨树林地氮磷径流流失特征研究

【目的】氮、磷的流失已成为农业面源污染的最重要来源之一。探究和比较麦稻两熟农田以及杨树林地的降雨径流特征、径流水中氮磷流失情况,为预防地表水富营养化提供参考。【方法】在洪泽湖河湖交汇区典型农田和林地设置径流池,进行了为期1年的地表径流以及氮磷流失监测。【结果】麦田、稻田与杨树林地产生径流的最小降雨量分别为4.2、3.3、22.8 mm,随着降雨量增大,杨树林地径流量增幅远小于农田。除了麦田总氮、硝态氮、总磷和可溶性磷流失量与降雨量相关性不明显外,其余各形态氮磷元素流失量基本随降雨量的增加而增加。麦田和杨树林地处在旱地状态下,其氮素流失分别以硝态氮为主,磷素流失以颗粒态磷为主; 而稻田处在淹水条件下,氮、磷的流失分别以铵态氮和可溶性磷为主。杨树林地氮磷流失量都比农田小,全年总氮、可溶性氮、硝态氮和铵态氮总流失量分别只有农田总流失量的22.61%、23.79%、23.46%、24.59%,总磷、可溶性磷和正磷酸盐总流失量只有农田总流失量的0.81%、0.77%、0.67%。【结论】与农田相比,林地能够更好地控制径流养分流失,可以在面源污染控制中发挥重要作用。     

九龙江典型流域氮磷流失的模拟研究

农业非点源污染是水质下降与环境恶化的主要原因,对地表径流营养盐输出的定量研究有助于掌握流域内非点源污染的来源与贡献,迁移与转化规律.选择福建省九龙江上游两个典型农业流域,在GIS技术支持下,综合采用实地观测、经验参数等方法来确定模型参数,利用2002年5月至8月所有降雨事件全过程实测的水文参数、营养盐氮、磷负荷,对AGNPS(AgriculturalNon PointSourceModel)模型进行调试,使得氮、磷的模拟Nash Sutcliffe效率系数E值都在0.8以上;再利用2002年9月两场降雨全过程数据验证了模型的适用性,验证结果是氮、磷的模拟值相对误差均在7%以下,表明该模型可以较好地估算流域氮、磷输出负荷.应用验证后的模型估算了流域2002年的氮、磷流失,年负荷为总氮27.51kg·hm-2,总磷0.75kg·hm-2;同时发现氮、磷流失主要集中于7～9月暴雨和特大暴雨集中时期,该期间从流域输出的总氮、总磷分别占全年总量的95%、87%.利用AGNPS模型可以有效地估算或预测降雨过程通过径流输送到河流的营养盐,为流域水环境规划管理提供科学依据.     

广州城区雨水径流非点源污染特性及污染负荷

以广州市新河浦社区部分排水区为研究对象,将研究区域划分为居住区、马路、草地3种典型下垫面,在各典型下垫面分别进行若干场雨水径流水质监测,主要分析雨水径流中的化学需氧量(COD)、生物需氧量(BOD5),以及总悬浮物固体(TSS)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮等污染物的浓度,探讨TSS和COD的相关性,揭示污染物的时空变化规律和径流的初期冲刷效应。基于暴雨径流管理模型(SWMM)建立了研究区域降雨径流非点源污染的模型,根据研究区域的水质监测资料率定模型参数,结果表明:水样中TSS和COD的相关性不明显;居住区、马路存在较为明显的初期冲刷效应,草地的初期冲刷效应不如居住区和马路明显;所建立的非点源污染模型具有较高的精度,利用该模型分别模拟不同重现期、不同降雨类型及不同下垫面类型的非点源污染负荷,所得负荷量结果较为合理,可以为城市雨水径流非点源污染的控制提供参考依据.     

北京校园区降雨径流产污特性及其对水环境的影响

城市降雨径流产生的非点源污染是城市水污染的重要来源。该文以北京清华大学校园区为例,研究校园区的降雨径流污染特征及其对水体环境的影响。选取校园内道路、屋顶和绿地等不同的下垫面类型,采用天然降雨径流取样和人工降雨实验相结合的方式,对降雨径流的水质进行了化验分析,得到不同下垫面的降雨径流水质特性。结果表明:屋顶和道路径流以氮素污染为主,绿地径流以总磷TP和化学需氧量COD污染为主;通过降雨前后河道水质检测,分析了地表径流对河流水体环境质量的影响;最后对比分析了绿化屋顶和普通屋顶的径流水质表明,绿化屋顶具有较好的减污效果。     

农田氮素非点源污染模型及年负荷估算研究

研究了农田中氮素随径流动力输出的过程，并依据径流特征和农田氮肥施用情况，将全年区分为水田施肥期、水田生长期和非水田期.按试验时的天气条件，分别采用人工模拟降雨或农田实测降雨的资料，分析农田非点源污染回归模型.水田施肥期采用人工模拟集中降雨情形，降雨强度为2 mm&;#8226;min^-1，模型氮素浓度范围为28~45 mg&;#8226;L^-1；水田生长期和非水田期采用天然降雨，降雨强度为0.037 6~0.075 1 mm&;#8226;min^-1，模型氮素浓度为0.2~4.0 mg&;#8226;L^-1.在分析长系列降雨资料的基础上，综合运用修正SCS（Soil Conservation Service）法、单位线法和相关分析法，估算得到农田径流过程排放的氮素量，再加上地下水渗漏流失的氮素量，取得上海地区一般降水年份农田的氮素非点源污染年负荷量为26.5 kg&;#8226;ha^-1.     

硝酸盐氮产污规律研究

利用大型可变坡土槽和室内人工降雨,模拟没有任何作物的裸土坡地在不同雨强下非点源硝酸盐氮产污过程.通过多次全过程的降雨量、径流、水质的同步观测,分析污染物浓度随降雨过程的动态变化规律.在物理机理研究的基础上提出降雨径流污染物浓度计算模型.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.