辽河流域昌图县玉米地径流污染试验研究

随着化肥施用量的增大,农田径流污染引起的非点源污染问题日益严重.为加强对非点源污染的控制,并为农田径流污染研究提供依据,选取辽河流域玉米地进行小区试验,研究其在自然降雨条件下的径流流失.试验过程中共观测到28场降雨,获得5场出流数据.结果表明,对所选试验地点(坡度5%,种植玉米),降雨量在29.2mm以上时可能产生径流,形成非点源污染;在降雨产流条件下,氮、磷次降雨平均质量浓度(珋ρEMCs)与降雨量和降雨强度没有明显相关关系,总磷的流失量与降雨量呈明显的正相关关系.计算得到此次试验中玉米地的总氮、总磷和CODcr的输出系数分别为5.46、0.57、25.79kg·hm-2·a-1.     

大宁河流域非点源污染不确定性分析

以大宁河流域为研究区,利用2000-2005年巫溪水文站实测的径流量、泥沙负荷对非点源污染模型进行参数率定和验证.采用蒙特卡罗方法分析径流量、泥沙负荷、吸附态氮、溶解态氮和总磷等非点源污染的不确定性影响因素.结果表明,如果忽略模型参数的不确定性会导致流域非点源污染负荷的低估,模型输入与输出的关系是非线性的.非点源污染的不确定性具有周期性变化规律,夏秋丰水期的不确定性大,春冬枯水期的不确定性小.并且径流的不确定性较小,泥沙和营养物的不确定性较大,不确定性来源与径流过程参数和土壤属性参数有很大关系.     

九龙江流域降雨径流污染特征研究

选取福建省九龙江流域内5个典型小流域作为研究区．在GIS技术支持下．采用现场调查与资料收集,野外监测与室内分析相结合的方法．利用2003年5～6月两场降雨事件全过程实测的水文数据、营养盐氮、磷负荷进行对比分析．得到不同土地利用类型小流域降雨径流污染特征与规律：降雨径流中污染物浓度高于非降雨期,且总氮、总磷的流失负荷主要受降雨强度、径流量大小影响,浓度变化过程与流量变化呈大致相同的趋势．溶解性污染物如氨氮．在降雨径流过程中浓度变化幅度较小．表明其溶解性所受到的水环境条件的限制可能大于流量变化对它的影响．施肥水平对污染负荷也有较大的影响．径流流失的氮素以可溶态氮为主．磷素主要以颗粒态磷为主．但以林地为主的小流域．因植被覆盖好．几乎不发生土壤侵蚀．磷素的径流流失以可溶态磷为主．     

基于输出系数模型的云南洱海流域农业非点源污染研究

以洱海流域北部罗时江、弥苴河、永安江3个子流域作为实验区,利用输出系数模型对子流域内农业非点源氮、磷污染进行估算,结合罗时江、弥苴河、永安江水质监测数据,对模型输出系数进行率定和验证,得到一组适用于洱海流域农业非点源污染估算的输出系数.利用该组输出系数,对洱海流域范围内农业非点源氮、磷污染负荷进行估算.研究表明：氮、磷污染空间分布具有一致性,乡镇污染输出于地域分布中呈现出“南北高中间低”的趋势.不同非点源氮污染贡献率依次为大牲畜养殖>农村生活排放>种植业>生猪养殖,不同非点源磷污染贡献率依次为种植业>农村生活排放>生猪养殖>大牲畜养殖.     

基于SWAT的涟水河上游流域非点源污染模拟

以涟水河娄底水文站上游流域为研究区域,应用SWAT模型对该区域的径流、泥沙及非点源氨氮、总磷污染负荷进行模拟计算.将1998年设置为模型启动期,即＂模型预热＂,利用娄底水文站1999～2002年的实测月径流、氨氮及总磷的实测数据进行模型参数确定,运用2003～2005年实测的月径流、氨氮及总磷数据对调参后的模型进行模型验证,验证结果表明模型基本合理可行,可用于涟水河上游流域的非点源污染模拟计算.运用率定后的模型,去除点源污染,重新进行模拟得到最终的非点源污染氨氮、总磷.根据模拟结果对该区域的径流、泥沙、氨氮及总磷污染负荷的时空分布特点进行了分析,为涟水河娄底水文站上游流域非点源污染的综合防治规划提供了参考和依据.     

不同降雨强度下三种典型农田土壤非点源氮输出研究

以河南淮河流域典型土壤砂姜黑土、褐土、潮土为对象，人工模拟0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 mm/min降雨强度下径流产出、泥沙流失、氮元素输出状况，研究降雨强度与土壤类型对非点源氮元素输出的影响，为量化淮河流域农田非点源输出负荷、建立本地化非点源污染模型、制定区域非点源污染防治策略等提供依据.结果表明：降雨强度越大，径流量、泥沙流失量、氮元素输出负荷及其平均产出速率均较大；土壤类型对径流产出影响较小，对泥沙流失量与氮元素输出负荷有一定影响；径流中氮元素平均浓度以2.0 mm/min降雨强度时最大；三种土壤的累积氮元素输出负荷均随降雨强度的增大而增大，增加幅度较明显的降雨强度，砂姜黑土为1.0、2.5 mm/min，潮土为1.0、3.0 mm/min，褐土为1.5、3.0 mm/min；氮元素通过泥沙输出的量占总输出量的81.57%以上.降雨强度、土壤类型均对径流产出、泥沙流失、氮元素输出等产生影响，氮元素输出负荷具初期冲刷效应.控制产流初期氮流失与泥沙流失是减少农田非点源氮输出负荷的重要途径.     

苏州相城区望庭镇水稻田降雨 径流污染特征研究

为研究水稻田非点源污染降雨径流的流失规律,减少水田中氮、磷等对地表水环境的污染提供科学依据,在自然降雨条件下,开展水稻田降雨—产流—产污同步观测的非点源试验,分析了降雨强度、降雨前田面水深、农田管理等因素对水田产流、产污的影响,计算次降雨平均质量浓度(珋ρEMCs).试验结果表明:同一场次降雨不同污染物的流失规律有很大不同,不同场次降雨的珋ρEMCs差异也很大;水稻田降雨前期的田面水深是决定径流产生的一个重要影响因子,对于分析是否有径流产生和异常数据的解析有重要作用;化肥的施用以及降雨距离施肥后时间间隔是影响珋ρEMCs的重要因素;苏州望亭镇的试验点,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的径流输出系数分别为4.363和0.156kg·hm-2,分别占稻季施肥量的1.21%和0.35%.     

基于SWAT模型的渭河流域非点源氮污染分布式模拟

以渭河华县断面以上流域为研究区,应用SWAT模型对该区域的径流、泥沙及氮污染负荷的产生与输出过程进行模拟计算.利用华县站1987-1988年的实测月径流、泥沙和污染物数据进行模型的调参计算,用1989-1990年的实测月径流、泥沙和污染物数据对模型进行验证,验证结果表明模型基本合理可行,可用于渭河流域非点源污染的模拟计算.利用率定好的模型对不同典型年进行了模拟计算,根据模拟结果对该区域的径流、泥沙和氮污染负荷的时空产生与输出特点进行了分析,为流域非点源污染防治规划提供科学依据.     

汤浦水库流域非点源污染的时空分布及情景分析

为了定量研究汤浦水库流域内非点源污染物的时空分布状况。建立了基于SWAT模型的流域非点源污染模型,并对模型中各参数进行率定和验证。模拟结果显示:流域内泥沙、有机氮和有机磷的流失主要与降雨相关,集中于汛期;空间上,各类污染物来源具有一致性,主要来自流域东部和南部地区;此外,不同土地类型年产污负荷各异,其中农业用地单位面积产污负荷较高。情景分析表明:农业生产方式和土地利用类型的改变对流域非点源负荷产生了一定影响。本研究成果将为控制汤浦水库流域非点源污染提供科学依据。     

基于改进单位线法的非点源污染负荷估算

Verworn于1978年首次将水文单位线引用到非点源污染负荷估算中,根据实测的污染物浓度、降雨和径流资料提出了定量计算非点源污染负荷的时段单位线——特征污染单位线CPG.该方法在实际应用中,特征污染单位线的推求存在困难,合轴相关图的精度也是该方法的主要制约因素.本文在分析该方法估算非点源污染不足之处的基础上,对其进行了改进,即将降雨量、施肥量、干期时间和场次降雨距离施肥后的时间4个影响非点源污染负荷产生的主要因素作为污染负荷单位线模型的输入,通过分析这4个因素对污染负荷浓度的影响,基于2003—2007年柴河水库流域72场降雨-产流-产污过程建立了相关关系,并类比于水文单位线法推求出了污染负荷浓度单位线.将获得的污染负荷浓度单位线应用于预测柴河水库流域2008—2009年污染过程,模拟得到的2008和2009年流域出口断面总磷质量浓度过程与实测过程纳什效率系数分别达到0.49和0.70.结果表明,改进后的单位线法估算非点源污染具有一定可靠性.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.