层状岩体隧道变形特征数值模拟研究

为研究层状岩体的层厚与倾角对隧道及围岩稳定性的影响,以贵州省栗木山隧道为背景,采用有限元软件ANSYS分析了层状白云质灰岩地层隧道开挖后的围岩与支护结构受力变形特征,得到了不同岩层厚度和结构面倾角时围岩和衬砌的位移云图、关键节点的位移。研究结果表明,隧道拱部竖向位移呈"V"型分布,最大竖向位移出现在隧道拱顶,最大竖向位移随岩层厚度增大而减小,存在明显的临界厚度,当岩层厚度大于0.6m,减小趋势变缓;倾斜岩层隧道围岩与衬砌位移存在明显的非对称性,岩层倾向侧位移小于另一侧,非对称性随倾角增大先增大后减小,倾角45°时最为明显,倾角大于60°时逐渐趋于平稳;拱脚和墙帮的位移受倾角变化小。层状岩体隧道支护设计、施工时应避免拱顶和非对称变形过大造成事故。     

西北地区某市水利工程地下洞室围岩变形破坏研究

以西北地区某市水利工程地下洞室工程为例，依据洞室围岩位移监测资料，研究了地下洞室围岩变形破坏特点及其主要影响因素。研究结果认为地下洞室开挖后，顶拱围岩沉降量明显大于侧壁位移收敛量，并指出了影响区内地下洞室围岩变形破坏的主要因素表现在七个方面。该项研究将有助于进一步研究地下洞室围岩变形破坏机理，同时也有利于保障地下洞室工程顺利进行。     

溧阳水电站地下厂房开挖破坏机理数值模拟研究

为研究溧阳水电站地下洞室开挖围岩稳定性,以地下厂房开挖时提供的地质条件和勘察资料为基础,结合完整岩块的强度试验成果,采用颗粒流数值模拟方法研究厂房在破碎岩体中开挖的破坏机理.研究表明,颗粒离散元方法可以较好地模拟地下洞室开挖情况;联合开挖时,出现明显的贯通变形区,且并非距离开挖面越近围岩变形越大;厂房开挖破坏模式为岩体结构控制型破坏,其导致围岩破坏的决定性因素是岩体结构特征.     

考虑互层状岩体接触状态的地下洞室围岩稳定分析

层间剪切、挤压破碎带是影响互层状岩体地下洞室围岩稳定的重要因素.针对互层状岩体层间剪切、挤压破坏问题,引入界面单元模型模拟其接触特性.在此基础之上,对该接触面模型算法进行改进,针对接触面边界上节点可能存在的接触状态:黏结、滑移、张开和嵌入,建立了相应的接触状态判别准则和修正迭代算法,可以有效模拟互层状岩体层间非线性滑移破坏问题.将本文模型应用于巴基斯坦阿扎德帕坦水电站地下厂房围岩稳定性分析中,对比横观各向同性模型计算结果,表明考虑接触后在层间过渡处应力和位移呈现非连续性变化,且量值增大;层间出现了错动位移,在主厂房边墙侧中下部较为明显.     

大型地下洞室围岩最佳支护时间的判定

对新奥法在大型地下洞室施工中的二次支护时间的现有判据进行分析,发现其考虑因素欠全面,主要以变形量或变形速率为主,洞室位移相对值不适应大型洞室.以围岩变形为研究对象,提出大型洞室围岩变形达到总变形的80%、洞室周边水平收敛速度小于0.2 mm/d、顶拱或者底板垂直位移速率小于0.1 mm/d、隧洞周边水平收敛速度以及拱顶或底板垂直位移速度明显下降、位移加速度应基本接近于0作为大型地下洞室最佳支护时间的判据.为了验证该判据的合理性,选择了向家坝大型地下洞室一个断面,按照实际开挖顺序,计算了不同开挖层的最佳支护时间.向家坝地下洞室该断面处围岩拱顶、不同开挖层上下游侧边墙最佳支护时间在8～18 d之间,较好地符合了向家坝实际支护时间.     

大型地下洞室群变形实测与数值模拟

以某水电站大型地下洞室群开挖为例,建立了三维数值分析模型,研究了洞室群开挖后洞周围岩的变形特性并分析了锚索应力损失对周围岩体变形和应力状态的影响;通过模拟结果与实测结果进行对比,分析模拟方法的合理性和支护方案的可行性.结果表明,围岩水平位移在洞室边墙中部最大,竖向位移在洞室拱顶最大,在洞室交叉部变形也较为显著;模拟结果与实测结果较接近,能良好地反映洞室实际开挖的过程和围岩的变形规律;锚索预应力损失达到某一程度时会使围岩水平位移显著增大.     

近水平沉积岩层公路隧道围岩变形特征研究

根据广元至巴中高速公路某隧道左线近水平沉积岩层周边收敛和拱顶下沉的观测数据,按照围岩级别和达到收敛位移总变形80%和90%的时间,通过对Ⅳ、Ⅴ级围岩段典型监测断面初期变形数据的数理统计和分析,得出了该隧道近水平沉积岩层围岩的变形特征和回归方程,并据此算出了与现场吻合程度较好的该隧道近水平沉积岩岩层隧道Ⅳ、Ⅴ级围岩总收敛的均值及满足二次衬砌要求的时间均值.最后介绍了位移加速度判据在评价该类隧道围岩稳定性和确定隧道二次衬砌施工时间的应用.     

基于FLAC~(3D)的大伙房水库引水隧洞围岩变形分析

圆形洞室开挖后,使原来处于挤压状态的围岩失去支撑而向洞内松动变形;如果这种变形超过了围岩本身所能承受的能力,则围岩就要发生破坏。本文应用FLAC3D数值模拟软件对15+800～15+900段隧洞围岩的变形进行了分析和评价。结果表明,地下洞室开挖穿过断层带时,围岩的塑性区域会增大;围岩在同一开挖方式下,破碎带及其周围围岩变形规律基本相同,但位移值差异较大。     

贵州坝陵河大桥西锚碇区围岩稳定性分析

运用岩体质量评价、现场模型试验、极限平衡法和FLAC3D数值仿真试验多种方法结合,对贵州坝陵河大桥西锚碇区围岩稳定性进行了研究.岩体质量评价表明,锚碇区岩体较破碎、质量差;现场模型试验发现,过大的位移将导致结构不能正常使用,锚体后锚面圆拱顶点、矩形底边中点及其6 m范围内的围岩变形较大.运用极限平衡法对边坡8种可能的破坏位置进行验算表明,边坡基本稳定,最危险滑动面发生在基坑上部的强风化、弱风化带岩体中.FLAC3D数值试验表明,围岩可能发生拉剪破坏,破损区集中在锚塞体后部右上角等5个部位,锚碇上部岩体水平位移大,位移等高线近半椭圆形扩散.设计和施工过程中,应对塑性区及显著变形区内的岩体重点加固.     

陡倾角层状岩体中地下洞室围岩的变形

考虑到层状岩体顺层滑移和弯曲变形的特点,将Cosserat介质理论引入到大型地下洞室的开挖模拟中,基于Matlab编制了考虑偶应力的有限元程序,并对一个简单地下洞室模型进行模拟分析。结果表明:洞周围岩的变形随层面间距的增大而减小,洞室变形的不对称性在层面间距越小的情况下越明显;大型洞室高边墙的位移随层面倾角先增大后减小,反倾向一侧的位移在倾角为60°达到最大,而顺倾向侧边墙在30°达到最大;在洞室的同一高度处,当岩层倾角缓时顺倾向侧洞周位移要大于反倾向侧的位移,而当倾角变陡后,顺倾向侧洞周位移要小于反倾向侧的位移;层面的切向刚度对洞周位移影响很大,洞周位移随切向刚度系数的减小而迅速增大,但切向刚度系数减小到一定程度后将趋于稳定。数值模拟表明用Cosserat介质来模拟层状岩体是合适而且方便的。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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