烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

摩擦焊接碳钢（EN24）和镍基高温合金（IN718）的显微组织和力学性能

Continuous-drive rotary friction welding was performed to join cylindrical specimens of carbon steel (EN24) and nickel-based superalloy (IN718), and the microstructures of three distinct weld zones—the weld interface (WI)/thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal—were examined. The joint was observed to be free of defects but featured uneven flash formation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed substantial changes in high-angle grain boundaries, low-angle grain boundaries, and twin boundaries in the TMAZ and HAZ. Moreover, significant refinement in grain size (2–5 μm) was observed at the WI/TMAZ with reference to the base metal. The possible causes of these are discussed. The microhardness profile across the welded joint shows variation in hardness. The changes in hardness are ascribed to grain refinement, phase transformation, and the dissolution of strengthening precipitates. The tensile test results reveal that a joint efficiency of 100% can be achieved using this method.     

采用超声组装与滚压工艺制备铝–碳纳米管复合材料

This study introduced a novel fabrication of aluminum–carbon nanotube (CNT) composites by employing bulk acoustic waves and accumulative roll bonding (ARB). In this method, CNT particles were aligned using ultrasonic standing wave in an aqueous media, and the arrayed particles were precipitated on the aluminum plate substrate. Then, the plates rolled on each other through the ARB process with four passes. Optical and scanning electron micrographs demonstrated the effective aligning of CNTs on the aluminum substrate with a negligible deviation of arrayed CNTs through the ARB process. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the developed composites showed no peaks for carbon and aluminum carbide. In addition, tensile tests showed that the longitudinal strength of the specimens processed with aligned CNTs was significantly greater than that of the specimens with common randomly dispersed particles. The proposed technique is beneficial for the fabrication of Al–CNT composites with directional mechanical strength.     

活化天然矿石选择性还原二氧化碳为无定形碳

Natural magnetite formed by the isomorphism substitutions of transition metals, including Fe, Ti, Co, etc., was activated by mechanical grinding followed by H₂ reduction. The temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H₂-TPR) and temperature-programmed surface reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂-TPSR) were carried out to investigate the processes of oxygen loss and CO₂ reduction. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the stability of spinel phases and oxygen-deficient degree significantly increased after natural magnetite was mechanically milled and reduced in H₂ atmosphere. Meanwhile, the activity and selectivity of CO₂ reduction into carbon were enhanced. The deposited carbon on the activated natural magnetite was confirmed as amorphous. The amount of carbon after CO₂ reduction at 300°C for 90 min over the activated natural magnetite was 2.87wt% higher than that over the natural magnetite.     

含钛高炉炉渣微波合成碳化钛及其介电性能测定

The preparation of functional material titanium carbide by the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag with microwave heating is an effective method for valuable metals recovery; it can alleviate the environmental pressure caused by slag stocking. The dynamic dielectric parameters of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag/pulverized coal mixture under high-temperature heating are measured by the cylindrical resonant cavity perturbation method. Combining the transient dipole and large π bond delocalization polarization phenomena, the interaction mechanism of the microwave macroscopic non-thermal effect on the titanium carbide synthesis reaction was revealed. The material thickness range during microwave heating was optimized by the joint analysis of penetration depth and reflection loss, which is of great significance to the design of the microwave reactor for the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag.     

汽车暴露面板带有表面条状缺陷的夹杂物分布特征分析:一种定量电解方法

The specific distribution characteristics of inclusions along with the sliver defect were analyzed in detail to explain the formation mechanism of the sliver defect on the automobile exposed panel surface. A quantitative electrolysis method was used to compare and evaluate the three-dimensional morphology, size, composition, quantity, and distribution of inclusions in the defect and non-defect zone of automobile exposed panel. The Al₂O₃ inclusions were observed to be aggregated or chain-like shape along with the sliver defect of about 3–10 μm. The aggregation sections of the Al₂O₃ inclusions are distributed discretely along the rolling direction, with a spacing of 3–7 mm, a length of 6–7 mm, and a width of about 3 mm. The inclusion area part is 0.04%–0.16% with an average value of 0.08%, the inclusion number density is 40 mm?2 and the inclusion average spacing is 25.13 μm. The inclusion spacing is approximately 40–160 μm, with an average value of 68.76 μm in chain-like inclusion parts. The average area fraction and number density of inclusions in the non-defect region were reduced to about 0.002% and 1–2 mm?2, respectively, with the inclusion spacing of 400 μm and the size of Al₂O₃ being 1–3 μm.     

在酸性溶液中加压氧化三价砷离子和二价铁离子

The co-oxidation of As(III) and Fe(II) in acidic solutions by pressured oxygen was studied under an oxygen pressure between 0.5 and 2.0 MPa at a temperature of 150°C. It was confirmed that without Fe(II) ions, As(III) ions in the solutions are virtually non-oxidizable by pressured oxygen even at a temperature as high as 200°C and an oxygen pressure up to 2.0 MPa. Fe(II) ions in the solutions did have a catalysis effect on the oxidation of As(III), possibly attributable to the production of such strong oxidants as hydroxyl free radicals (OH·) and Fe(IV) in the oxidation process of Fe(II). The effects of such factors as the initial molar ratio of Fe(II)/As(III), initial pH value of the solution, oxygen pressure, and the addition of radical scavengers on the oxidation efficiencies of As(III) and Fe(II) were studied. It was found that the oxidation of As(III) was limited in the co-oxidation process due to the accumulation of the As(III) oxidation product, As(V), in the solutions.     

写在《实验动物管理条例》发布实施三十周年

《实验动物管理条例》（以下简称条例）是我国第一部关于实验动物管理工作的行政法规）《条例》实施30年来,在实验动物工作规范化、法制化管理,保障实验动物和动物实验的质量,推动我国科技发展和民生保障等方面发挥了重要作用。但随着科技进步、社会经济发展和立法工作的深入,实验动物科学研究和管理工作中出现了诸多新情况和新问题,《条例》在实验动物管理工作中的作用已不能完全适应科技创新、经济与社会发展的需要。因此,修订《条例》并将其上升到法律层面,对规范实验动物管理工作,保证实验动物质量,保障实验动物福利,维护公共卫生安全,支撑科技创新,以及促进国际科技合作与交流具有非常重要的意义。     

半挥发性有机污染物的人体暴露评估方法

 半挥发性有机物（SVOCs）的人体暴露研究已成为环境研究领域的热点。传统的人体暴露评估方法（如血液组织检测等）具有侵入性、复杂性、成本高、样品难获得等缺点。新型被动采样方法以其非侵入性、简单易行、易于接受等优点逐渐受到了广泛关注。总结了非饮食人体暴露评估的方法，重点介绍了人体暴露评估的新兴被动采样技术，包括硅胶腕带、硅胶胸针、手擦拭样、衣服等，其中硅胶手环和硅胶胸针以其廉价易得、易于被接受和稳定性好等优点逐渐得到了广泛应用；此外，利用衣服作为SVOCs人体暴露研究的手段，也具有良好的发展潜力和应用前景。     

微生物发酵对川乌、附子中生物碱含量的影响

探讨了微生物发酵对川乌、附子中新乌头碱、乌头碱、次乌头碱含量的影响。将菌种以孢子悬液的形式接入灭菌生川乌、生附子、制川乌、制附子药材中,30℃固态发酵培养7 d提取生物碱,对照组为未发酵药材。采用高效液相色谱法测定其含量。研究发现发酵药材中新乌头碱、乌头碱、次乌头碱质量分数明显低于原药材:生川乌中新乌头碱、乌头碱、次乌头碱的质量分数分别为0.1390%、0.0195%、0.0320%,而发酵生川乌中分别为0.0231%、0.0039%、0.0117%;生附子中新乌头碱、乌头碱、次乌头碱的质量分数分别为0.2750%、0.0670%、0.0550%,而发酵生附子中分别为0.0633%、0.0552%、0.0291%;生川乌+附子中新乌头碱、乌头碱、次乌头碱的质量分数分别为0.1395%、0.0075%、0.0078%,而发酵生川乌+附子中分别为0.0202%、0.0022%、0.0026%。该结果表明微生物发酵有助于降低川乌、附子中有毒生物碱的含量。     

野生黄缘闭壳龟资源分布与濒危机制研究

黄缘闭壳龟属世界珍稀濒危物种,中国重点野生保护动物.20世纪70年代前野生黄缘闭壳龟曾广泛分布于中国的河南、安徽、湖北、湖南、浙江、江苏、广西、台湾等省和琉球群岛,野生资源十分丰富,仅河南信阳大别山区的分布面积多达39万hm~2,野生种群数量约40万只.但自20世纪80年代后,随着盗猎强度的加剧,黄缘闭壳龟的分布区和栖息地遭到地毯式的搜索,猎捕手段的多样化及其过度猎捕致使黄缘闭壳龟野生资源日益枯竭.目前只在河南大别山区、安徽皖南山区、安徽皖西山区等地还有少量野生个体生存,稳定的黄缘闭壳龟野生种群仅分布于台湾和琉球群岛.导致黄缘闭壳龟野生资源濒危的原因主要是其性成熟周期长、种群繁殖力低、栖息地遭受干扰破坏等因素,另外,人类贪婪无尽地对其野生资源的索取是导致黄缘闭壳龟自然种群濒危灭绝的重要原因.加强黄缘闭壳龟保护区的建设与管理,加大打击盗猎行为,提高公众的保护意识,建立生态补偿机制,开展自然种群的恢复与重建是拯救黄缘闭壳龟濒危灭绝的有效措施.     

苹果园夏季大型土壤动物群落结构与组成

 为了解洛川苹果园夏季大型土壤动物的群落多样性,并为进一步开展陕北经济林地区土壤动物学方面的研究提供基础资料。本研究利用对角线五点法采样法和国际通用的手拣法对洛川苹果园示范园和常规园大型土壤动物进行采样。共获得动物134只,隶属4门6纲9目。优势类群为咀刺目、正蚓目、鞘翅目;常见类群为双翅目、鳞翅目、膜翅目、柄眼目等。其中咀刺目、正蚓目、鞘翅目占总捕获量的比例最大,分别为37.31%、28.36%、12.69%,共占总捕获量的78.57%,构成了群落的主要框架。在洛川苹果园示范园和常规园中,大型土壤动物的表聚性比较明显;示范园大型土壤动物的类群数、多样性指数、均匀性指数和丰富度指数均高于常规园,但个体数和优势度指数低于常规园。由此可知,示范园土壤动物群落物种丰富,结构复杂,类群数量分布均匀,显示了大型土壤动物对不同果园土地利用方式和管理措施的响应情况。     

城市声景观

简要叙述了一系列关于城市声景评价、模拟以及预测的综合研究，这些研究特别着眼于城市公共开放空间，其中声景评价重点研究各种声学、环境、社会、人口、心理、文化和行为因素对声景质量的影响，以及描述声景的主要因素，这部分研究主要建立在一系列在欧洲和中国进行的声景调查的基础上．发展了计算小尺度城市区域的声场模拟模型，包括基于声能的虚声源法、声线追踪法、radiosity法、声线追踪／radiosity综合法，以及城市声场可听化技术，然后利用这些模型对小尺度城市区域的声场基本特征以及建筑设计和城市规划的作用进行了分析．最后，运用人工神经网络技术以及序数逻辑回归技术，提出了一个预测声景质量的模型工具，其输入包括设计的空间和声源情况以及使用者的社会、人口及行为特点等．     

青藏高原隆升对中国疆域自然环境的影响：破解“胡焕庸线”的思考

我国疆域广大,人口、土地、耕地和发展程度很不均衡。1933年,知名学者胡焕庸据此提出了著名“胡焕庸线”。利用这条北东南西走向直线,将中国大陆划分为东西两个部分。该线的东、西两侧差异悬殊。究其原由,制约因素的多元的,而近地表的自然环境和地球内部物质与能量的交换起着重要作用。研究与探索表明:(1)印度次大陆与欧亚大陆两陆—陆板块的碰撞—挤压驱使高原南缘喜马拉雅造山带的突起是根本原因。(2)喜马拉雅造山带的突起阻隔了印度洋南来温湿气候的北进,并形成了西风带造成了我国西北地域的干旱和荒漠化。(3)在力系作用下,壳、幔物质重新分异、调整,地壳短缩增厚、高原整体台升不仅导致东、西两部降水量、气温、人口、耕地与生态环境的显著改变,且地球物理场发生了强烈变异与分布不均。(4)西部发展的关键在于水,水进则人进,人进则文化进,文化进则科技进,科技进则发展快,西部人民生活与生存环境不断优化,社会则更安宁。(5)东部不断强化开辟地下空间与利用,西部期盼“红旗河”工程实施,维护生态环境,兴建亿亩现代化耕地、牧场与绿洲。我国东部与西部共同发展与建设十分重要,饭碗要永远端在自己手中。     

转型中的中国艺术设计教育

对中国艺术设计教育的变迁与社会变革以及艺术设计专业发展的由来、课程内涵与教育体系展开探讨;在市场经济体制中,艺术设计的商业属性与人才培养模式上厚基础、淡化专业的适应性问题;艺术设计专业教学管理模式的变化;新世纪对艺术设计专业前瞻性的探讨与展望。     

英汉句法差异及其转换翻译浅议

语言是思维的外壳，思维是语言的脊梁。英汉两民族思维习惯的不同，造就了英汉两种语言句法上的根本差异。这些差异具体表现为形态语和无形态语、树型结构与线型结构、形合与意合、有主句和无主句、人称主语句式与非人称主语句式以及句首重心与句尾重心之间的差异。充分认识这些差异，并在翻译过程中进行相应转换和调整，才能使译自如圆润。     

卫星遥感监测全球大气气溶胶光学厚度变化

 全球大气气溶胶类型和含量变化与气候变化和大气环境污染密切相关,是气象学、环境学和医学研究关注的热点问题。为认识全球气溶胶分布基本特征,发现和跟踪全球气溶胶显著变化地区,本文利用美国NASA 发布的C6 版MODIS气溶胶光学厚度产品分析全球大气气溶胶光学厚度时空年变化特征及其影响因素;分析气溶胶光学厚度分布与中国霾区的关系,提出霾区治理的气溶胶光学厚度年平均值参考标准。分析2003-2014 年卫星监测的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)空间分布特征显示,全球气溶胶光学厚度稳定高值区位于亚洲东部及其邻近太平洋海区、印度半岛及其邻近印度洋海区、非洲北部和中部及其邻近大西洋海区;重点变化关注区为俄罗斯西伯利亚东部增量区和南美洲亚马逊平原热带雨林减量区。气溶胶光学厚度高值地区的形成与沙尘暴、火山喷发、生物质燃烧、工业排放等自然源,以及工业污染物排放、交通运输、秸秆焚烧等人类活动造成的人为源气溶胶排放直接相关,并受气象因素和山脉等地形阻挡因素影响,这些因素的稳定性与季节变化最终形成全球气溶胶的时空分布特征。中国东部气溶胶光学厚度年平均值大于0.5 的区域为主要霾天气区,其中华北南部、黄淮、江淮、江汉地区和四川盆地为全球气溶胶光学厚度极端高值区,年平均极端高值达到0.8~1.0,为霾天气常态化发生区;通过全球气溶胶光学厚度量值分析认为,气溶胶光学厚度年平均值0.5 可作为中国大气环境最大承载量,中国东部地区高于此值的区域为主要大气污染控制区,大范围工业生产污染物减排可带来整体环境改善,通过工业结构调整有望降低的气溶胶污染中位比率为33%,平均比率为26.5%。