云南普洱地区思茅松林的净第一性生产力

本文研究了普洱县小黑江地区海拔890～920 m的思茅松林的净第一性生产力.结果如下:①林分净第一性生产力随林龄增加而减少.12年生和23年生林分净第一性生产力分别为26.9603 t/hm~2·a和23.9554 t/hm~a.②林分净第一性生产力的层次分配顺序为:乔木层>灌木层>草本层.③林分净第一性生产力在器官间的分配顺序为:树干>枝、叶>根系>根劲>果实.④89％～90％的林分净第一性生产力集中分配在思茅松中. ⑤用重量比值法求算出12年生和23年生思茅松林分叶被采食量分别为0.8227 t/hm~2·a和1.3578 t/hm~2·a.     

云南普洱地区思茅松林的生物量

本文研究了普洱县小黑江地区海拔890～920m的思茅松林分的生物量.结果如下:①随着林龄增加,林分总生物量增加但叶生物量减少.12年生林分总生物量109.7630 t/hm~2,叶生物量4.5307 t/hm~2,23年生林分总生物量137.6486 t/hm~2,叶生物量3.4861t/hm~2.②活生物量的层次分配顺序为:乔木层>灌木层>草本层.③活生物量在各器官之间的分配顺序为:树干>枝>根系>叶、根劲>果实.④90％～94％的活生物量集中分配在思茅松中.     

萌芽更新与植苗更新对尾巨桉人工林收获的影响

应用相对生长法和样方收获法对萌芽更新和植苗更新尾巨桉人工林生物量及生产力进行研究.结果表明:相同密度条件下,植苗更新尾巨桉人工林生物量高于萌芽更新人工林;当密度为1097株/hm2时,植苗更新和萌芽更新尾巨桉人工林的生物量分别为79.193 t/hm2和68.682 t/hm2,年平均净生产量分别为23.998 t/hm2和21.463 t/hm2.植苗更新和萌芽更新人工林群落净生产量排序由高到低依次为:乔木层、枯枝落叶层、灌木层、草本层.萌芽更新尾巨桉人工林生物量随保留密度的增加而增加.不同更新模式尾巨桉林分干材、干皮、枝、叶、根系的生物量分别占总生物量的60.50%～60.86%、5.62%～5.89%、10.88%～11.23%、4.11%～4.54%和18.1%～18.27%.林分生物量分配的大小排序为:干材、根系、枝、干皮、叶.     

宝天曼华山松锐齿栎混交林生物量研究

通过对宝天曼自然保护区1 hm~2华山松、锐齿栎混交林样地生物量的测定,探讨不同径级树木的生物量分配规律以及不同器官的生物量分配规律.研究结果表明,宝天曼华山松-锐齿栎混交林总生物量为293.89 t/hm~2,其中华山松的总生物量为5.01 t/hm~2,主要集中在树干中,占总量的56.89%,各器官的生物量大小关系为干枝根叶,不同径级的生物量关系为II径级Ⅲ径级I径级,其中胸径在20 cm以上的华山松生物量占了华山松总量的92%;混交林中锐齿栎林总的生物量为288.88 t/hm~2,生物量也是主要集中在树干中,占了50.44%,不同器官的生物量大小关系为干根叶枝,三个径级的生物量关系为II径级I径级Ⅲ径级.华山松和锐齿栎的平均生物量分别为13.33 kg/株和369 kg/株,且单株生物量都是随着胸径的增加而增大.     

思茅松器官旱季含水量的初步研究

根据四个样地55株样木565个样品材料,本文报道思茅松器官旱季的含水量.①思茅松器官含水量是:树干<根颈<枝<根系<叶<果.但随器官部位差异而变化.②树干、枝、根系的含水量均是基部低梢部高.③相同器官年龄大的部位含水量低而年龄小的部位含水量高.     

滇西北高山松林净第一性生产力的初步研究

本文研究了滇西北高山松林的净第一性生产力。林龄大净第一性生产力小。林龄约４０年的林分，净第一性生产力１２．１９２ｔ／ｈｍ￣２·ａ，林龄约１００年者为１０．０１３ｔ／ｈｍ￣２·ａ；高山松净第一性生产力为９．８４９和５．６２１ｔ／ｈｍ￣２·ａ，占群落净第一性生产力的８０．８４９％和５６．１４％；随着林龄增加，高山松的净策一性生产力及其在群落中所占的比例也逐渐减少，而其它树种的有所增加；在各器官中，叶的净第一性生产力最高，占３４％～３７％，其次为树干木材，占２１．６２％～２７．４４％。     

季风常绿阔叶林短刺栲群落的生物量研究

本文采用维量分析以估测滇西南季风常绿阔叶林短刺栲群落的生物量,并且较详细地分析了短刺栲群落活生物量的径级对市、层次分布、器官分布和种类分布.12年生的幼龄林总生物量为92.875t/hm~2,其中树干占47.57％,枝占17.17％,叶占7.53％,根占22.29％,草食动物采食量占0.61％,凋落量占4.82％ 42年生的中龄林总生物量为166.956t/hm~2,其中树干占53.54％,枝占20.59％,叶占4.13％,根占18.83％,草食动物采食量占0.44％,凋落量占2.71％.     

黄淮海平原农区杨树人工林生物量和生产力研究

对黄淮海平原农区5,9,11,13年4个不同树龄阶段的杨树人工林生物量和生产力进行了测定和研究,结果表明,生物量依次为16.35,90.49,92.82,127.82 t/hm2;平均净生产力分别为3.27,7.05,8.44,9.83 t/(hm2.a,)各树龄阶段的单木生物量与胸径和树高之间均存在着紧密的相关关系,其生物量分配格局都为树干>树枝>树根>树叶.同时建立了4种龄级杨树人工林及其各器官生物量的回归模型,具有一定的实用价值.     

云南省云南松林碳密度空间分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

基于云南省132个云南松林样地的调查数据,利用反距离权重插值法(inverse distance weighting,IDW),计算了云南松林的碳密度,并分析其空间分布特征及其与纬度、海拔的相关性.结果表明:利用IDW能够很好地进行云南松各器官碳密度空间分布的估算,树干的碳密度变化范围是0.46~42.69 t·hm~2,树枝为0.33~33.35 t·hm~2,树叶为0.12~12.42 t·hm~2,树根为0.27~28.29 t·hm~2,全树的碳密度变化范围为1.18~115.88t·hm~2,表现为树干树枝树根树叶;各部分(干、枝、叶、根)及全树碳密度与纬度、海拔密切相关;云南松林在26°~29°N上的碳密度最大,随后依次是23°~25°N、25°~26°N.     

福建东山县赤山滨海沙地厚荚相思林与湿地松林生物量和能量的研究

对滨海沙土的厚荚相思林与湿地松林生物量和能量进行了研究,结果表明:1)厚荚相思林现存生物量为 149.51t/hm2,其中干占总量的57.83%,根系占总量的12.82%,地上部分生物量是地下部分生物量的 6.81 倍;各组分干质量热值在19.98~23.48 kJ/g之间,整个林分平均干质量热值为20.59 kJ/g,能量现存量为3 079.16×106 kJ/hm2;2)湿地松林现存生物量为142.22 t/hm2,干占总量的35.35%,根占总量的32.88%,地上部分生物量是地下部分生物量的2.04倍;各组分干质量热值在20.53~21.54 kJ/g,整个林分平均干质量热值为21.00 kJ/g,能量现存量为2 986.28×106 kJ/hm2.3)厚荚相思和湿地松根系发达,可以克服沙地养分贫瘠,树干所占比例大,起着很好的防风效果,总体上有着较高的现存生物量;整个林分的平均热值高,反映厚荚相思和湿地松高的太阳能利用率,从这些特性可知它们对沿海沙地有很好的适应性,并起着很好的改善沿海沙地生态环境和提高生物多样性的作用.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.