天门山地理成分与植被类型分析研究

通过对天门山的地理成分和植被类型进行分析,统计植物区系,研究天门山科、属的结构组成。将天门山划分为山顶矮阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、暖性针阔叶混交林五个植被类型,分别对主要植被类型的群落外貌、结构及物种多样性进行调查研究,为天门山的植被及植被保护工作提供科学依据。从生活型、叶的性质和季相出发对天门山植被类型进行比较,分析群落优势种重要值、垂直结构和径级结构以及不同径级和高度级物种多样性,进一步明确了天门山的空间排列和群落演替趋势,为更好地开发利用天门山植物资源提供帮助。     

都市残存林中樟树群落类型及物种多样性分析

选取武汉市残存林里常见的樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)林为研究对象,基于研究样地记录的15个样方中各物种的重要值,通过聚类分析中的组间连接法,对研究区域的残存樟树林进行了群落类型的划分;并运用Patrick丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,对不同群落类型及不同结构层次的物种多样性进行了分析.结果表明：研究区域的残存樟树群落可划分为6个群丛,分别为：群丛1：樟－女贞－络石＋阔鳞鳞毛蕨群丛;群丛2：樟－女贞＋棕榈－中日金星蕨＋黑足鳞毛蕨群丛;群丛3：樟－海桐＋棕榈－井栏边草＋天葵群丛;群丛4：樟＋马尾松－海桐＋白花龙－络石＋阔鳞鳞毛蕨群丛;群丛5：樟－棕榈＋冬青－阔鳞鳞毛蕨群丛;群丛6：樟－栓皮栎－蕨群丛.其中Patrick丰富度指数R最高的是群丛1,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H、Pielou均匀度指数J、Simpson多样性指数D均最高的是群丛4.研究区域内残存樟树群落,垂直结构上明显分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层三层.就各层的多样性指数而言,多数表现为草本层>灌木层>乔木层;而群丛4例外,表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层.该研究可为武汉市残存樟树林植被的恢复提供基本的科学依据.     

基于3S技术的宁波市东部区域常绿阔叶林动态初步研究

利用3S技术,对宁波1974～2009年间6个时相的Landsat卫星遥感数据进行土地利用和植被类型分类,提取相邻年份不同植被类型与常绿阔叶林转化的区域,并计算每种类型对常绿阔叶林的转化率.研究结果表明,自然演替规律和经济利益驱动是促成常绿阔叶林37年间动态变化的主要原因;在不受人为影响的条件下,它最易与常绿一落叶阔叶混交林和针叶阔叶混交林相互转化.在此基础上,测算每个时期转入为常绿阔叶林的植被类型与同时期保持为常绿阔叶林类型的距离,并计算5个时期的总平均值.将其按植被类型排序为:针叶阔叶混交林＞常绿落叶阔叶混交林＞毛竹林＞针叶林＞园地＞灌丛＞农田.分析结果显示,种源传播和用地历史是影响退化常绿阔叶林群落次生演替方向的关键因素.     

八仙山国家级自然保护区典型森林群落结构及物种多样性研究

采用样方法调查了八仙山自然保护区7个典型森林群落.在划分群落类型基础上,分析了各群落的物种组成、生活型、垂直结构,采用物种丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及Pielou均匀度指数分析物种多样性.结果表明,(1)7个典型森林群落隶属于2个植被型的7个群系、7个群丛,其中暖性针阔混交林为2个群系,2个群丛,典型落叶阔叶林为5个群系,5个群丛.(2)所调查的样方中共记录维管植物39科,67属,92种(含变种).(3)各群落均由乔木层、灌木层和草本层3层构成,具有典型北方森林特征.(4)不同群落的多样性指数差异显著:物种丰富度于同一群落不同层片存在较大差异.栓皮栎-荆条-矮丛苔草群丛及白蜡树+核桃楸-雀儿舌头-大叶铁线莲群丛为草本层丰富度最高,其余群丛为乔木层丰富度最高,各层物种丰富度排序多样.Simpson优势度指数表现为槲栎+吴茱萸-大花溲疏-凸脉苔草群丛和栓皮栎-荆条-矮丛苔草群丛高于其它群丛,并均以栎属树种为优势种.Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数主要表现为油松+核桃楸-三裂绣线菊+大花溲疏-矮丛苔草群丛、油松+蒙古栎-三裂绣线菊-矮丛苔草群丛、核桃楸-小花溲疏-糙苏群丛及白蜡树+核桃楸-雀儿舌头-大叶铁线莲群丛高于其它群丛,表明其信息量大、内部结构较复杂、物种分布较均匀.群落生境与其多样性密切相关,其中坡向对多样性组成影响显著.     

浙江天童及周边地区常绿阔叶林退化群落的植物区系分析

浙江天童及周边地区的常绿阔叶林退化群落包括五个类型：常绿阔叶林退化前期群落、落叶阔叶林群落、针阔混交林群落、针叶林群落以及灌丛群落.通过对退化植被各群落类型的区系分析,得出了天童地区常绿阔叶林退化群落的区系组成特征,具体如下：（1）天童及周边地区退化植被的植物区系包括72科138属204种,其物种多样性低于常绿阔叶林的成熟群落;（2）本植物区系地理成分与常绿阔叶林成熟群落一致,表现了明显的亚热带植物区系性质,是热带向温带的过渡;（3）人类的干扰导致了各退化群落中国特有成分的下降;（4）各退化群落类型与常绿阔叶林成熟群落保持了较高水平的科、属和种的相似性.综上所述,天童及周边地区退化植被保持了亚热带常绿阔叶林的植物区系特征,从植物区系学的角度来看,具有恢复为地带性常绿阔叶林成熟群落的潜力.     

太宽河自然保护区栓皮栎群落物种多样性研究

在野外调查基础上,采用TWINSPAN将山西太宽河自然保护区栓皮栎群落分为8个群丛,然后分别用丰富度指数、均匀度指数和物种多样性指数对栓皮栎群落的物种多样性进行研究,并用方差分析对各群落之间多样性指数的差异程度进行分析.结果表明:1)栓皮栎群落的物种丰富度指数主要受灌木层影响,然而不同层次的物种对群落物种多样性的贡献不同;2)由于相似的适应特征、物种相似的生境条件和资源利用方式,因此8个群丛各多样性指数间差异不显著(P＞0.05);3)在坡度比较平缓、土层较厚和水分条件较好的生境中,栓皮栎群落具有较高的多样性指数;在干扰较强、贫瘠的生境中,多样性指数则较低.     

贵州柏菁喀斯特台原区常绿落叶阔叶林多样性研究

本文采用群落学研究方法，对贵州柏菁喀斯特台原区常绿落叶阔叶混交林的物种多样性与贵州其它自然保护区森林进行对比研究，结果表明：柏箐喀斯特台原区常绿落叶阔叶混交林的多样性特征与贵州典型的喀斯特森林差异较大，而与贵州喀斯特台原和常态地貌上发育的常绿落叶阔叶林相似；该区主要森林群落厚皮栲、樱群落（CC），厚皮栲、野茉莉群落（CS），厚皮栲、稠李群落（CP），花楸、石栎群落（SL）多样性较高，而分布生境严酷的杜鹃、巴东栎群落（RQ）、巴东栎群落（Q）和人为干扰强烈的珙桐群落（D）、大叶杨群落（P）物种多样性指数低；因对林下金佛山方竹长期经营，群落多样性垂直分布从乔木第一亚层到第二亚层多样性指数增大，而灌木层降低。     

粤西黑石顶自然保护区杉木林与次生常绿阔叶林群落特征比较

研究了粤西黑石顶相近年龄的杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林与次生性常绿阔叶林的物种多样性及群落结构特征，并与中生性常绿阔叶林进行比较．结果表明，杉木人工林在16龄及24龄时物种多样性水平均较低，而次生性常绿阔叶林在演替过程中物种数目迅速增加并超过中生性常绿阔叶林，物种多样性在16龄及26龄时均达到较高水平．杉木林在16龄至24龄期间群落密度变化不大，始终稍低于中生性常绿阔叶林，群落始终以杉木占据优势，生物量与基面积逐渐积累增加．次生林在演替初期，群落密度远高于中生性常绿阔叶林，但随演替的进程而逐渐下降并趋于稳定，在16龄到26龄的10a间优势种的组成发生很大变化，而生物量与基面积增加很少，群落演替发生迟滞．在生物量分配方面，次生林地下生物量所占比例最高，杉木林最低，中生性常绿阔叶林居于两者之间。     

中国典型的亚热带常绿阔叶林(英文)

亚热带常绿阔叶林是指壳斗科、樟科、茶科、木兰科的常绿阔叶树种为主组成的森林.而中亚热带常绿阔叶林是我国亚热带地区最典型的地带性植被类型.由于我国所处的海陆位置和大气环流影响,以及青藏高原的存在,所以我国亚热带温暖湿润气候区域广阔,占全国总面积的四分之一以上.因此,亚热带常绿阔叶林分布的地位也就非常显著,从而成为世界上所罕见的植被类型.中国的常绿阔叶林种类组成中,以壳斗科的青冈属、栲属和石栎属为群落上层的优势种;但在生境比较偏湿地区,樟科中的润楠属、楠属的种类显著增多;而在生境比较偏干的地区,则茶科的木荷属常成为群落上层的共建种.整个区域,高等植物种类特别丰富,全国198个特有属中,本区就有148个属之多.举世闻名的子遗植物,如银杏、水杉、银杉、鹅掌楸、喜树等均分布于此地.群落外貌是群落最明显的特征,反映群落外貌最主要的标志是生活型和叶的性质.从生活型谱分析可知,中亚热带常绿阔叶林是介于热带雨林和温带落叶阔叶林之间的过渡类型,并接近于热带雨林.叶的性质也是如此.中亚热带常绿阔叶林的成层现象明显,上层是由壳斗科、茶科、樟科中的中高位芽植物层片组成,其发育状况反映了群落的成熟状态.层中有落叶阔叶中高位芽植物层片,但不占主要地位,存在于林窗之间,是季风特     

缙云山常绿阔叶林次生演替序列群落物种多样性动态研究

采用物种丰富度Ｓ和物种多样性香农指数Ｈ、物种均匀度指数Ｊ以多样性－面积曲线研究缙云山常绿阔叶林次生演替序列物种多样性近十年的变化,结果表明,１０年后,群落各层物种多样性指数均有下降趋势,草本层下降最为明显;群落及乔、灌木层的多样性指数（Ｓ,Ｈ,Ｊ）在演替中后期阶段均呈下降趋势,而演替前期的马尾松和林龄较短的混交林Ⅰ却有上升趋势;群落各层多样性最小面积按马尾松林、混交林到常绿阔叶林顺序增长,两个混交     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.