Reporter-based screen for Arabidopsis mutants compromised in nonhost resistance

Plants are exposed to many potentially pathogenic microbes in the environment, but each species is only susceptible to a limited number of pathogens. The broad resistance is referred to as nonhost re-sistance. To date, little is known about the underlying mechanism of nonhost resistance and the sig-naling transduction process. Here we describe a simple method for isolating Arabidopsis nonhost re-sistance mutants against a nonadapted bacterial pathogen. A RAP2.6 promoter-driven LUC reporter system was developed to replace the tedious bacterial growth assay during the primary screening. The RAP2.6-LUC reporter gene is normally induced by the virulent bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato but not the nonadapted bacterium P. syringae pv phaseolicola. By using this method we iso-lated 4 mutants displaying strong reporter activity in response to P. syringae pv phaseolicola, which were characterized in some details. ebs1, ebs2, ebs3, and ebs4 (enhanced bacterial susceptibility) were compromised in resistance against P. syringae pv phaseolicola and/or P. syringae pv tomato. In addi-tion, ebs4 showed enhanced hypersensitive response to the incompatible bacterium P. syringae pv tomato (avrB). These results demonstrated that the method is suited for large scale screening for nonhost resistance mutants.     

A bacterial E3 ubiquitin ligase targets a host protein kinase to disrupt plant immunity

Many bacterial pathogens of plants and animals use a type III secretion system to deliver diverse virulence-associated 'effector' proteins into the host cell. The mechanisms by which these effectors act are mostly unknown; however, they often promote disease by suppressing host immunity. One type III effector, AvrPtoB, expressed by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, has a carboxy-terminal domain that is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Deletion of this domain allows an amino-terminal region of AvrPtoB (AvrPtoB(1-387)) to be detected by certain tomato varieties leading to immunity-associated programmed cell death. Here we show that a host kinase, Fen, physically interacts with AvrPtoB(1-387 )and is responsible for activating the plant immune response. The AvrPtoB E3 ligase specifically ubiquitinates Fen and promotes its degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner. This degradation leads to disease susceptibility in Fen-expressing tomato lines. Various wild species of tomato were found to exhibit immunity in response to AvrPtoB(1-387 )and not to full-length AvrPtoB. Thus, by acquiring an E3 ligase domain, AvrPtoB has thwarted a highly conserved host resistance mechanism.     

Fitness costs of R-gene-mediated resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Resistance genes (R-genes) act as an immune system in plants by recognizing pathogens and inducing defensive pathways. Many R-gene loci are present in plant genomes, presumably reflecting the need to maintain a large repertoire of resistance alleles. These loci also often segregate for resistance and susceptibility alleles that natural selection has maintained as polymorphisms within a species for millions of years. Given the obvious advantage to an individual of being disease resistant, what prevents these resistance alleles from being driven to fixation by natural selection? A cost of resistance is one potential explanation; most models require a lower fitness of resistant individuals in the absence of pathogens for long-term persistence of susceptibility alleles. Here we test for the presence of a cost of resistance at the RPM1 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana. Results of a field experiment comparing the fitness of isogenic strains that differ in the presence or absence of RPM1 and its natural promoter reveal a large cost of RPM1, providing the first evidence that costs contribute to the maintenance of an ancient R-gene polymorphism.     

Obtaining transgenic rice resistant to rice fungal blast disease by controlled cell death strategy

The strategy of the two-component system,composed of Barnase and Barstar which encode RNase and a specific inhibitor to the RNase respectively, is adopted to obtain transgenic rice resistant to rice fungal blast disease. In this study, two chimeric promoters, induced by rice blast fungus pathogen (Magnaporthe grisea), are fused with Barnase respectively to construct two plant expression vectors, pWBNBS and pPBNBS together with the Barstar driven by CaMV 35S promoter. The resistance of the transgenic rice lines to rice blast fungus disease and rice blight disease are evaluated. The results show that (1) the expression of Barnase is induced in rice leaves when inoculated with the spores of Magnaporthe grisea; (2) the induced expression level of Barnase surpasses the level of Barstar, which elicits a similar hypersensitive response (HR) in the leaves, and the transgenic plant shows high resistance to the rice fungal blast disease; and (3) transgenic rice plants also show obvious resistance to rice bacterial blight disease. Taken together, these results suggest that the transgenic rice plants harboring this two-component system acquire relatively broad spectrum resistance against pathogens, especially high resistance to rice fungal pathogen.     

540株铜绿假单胞菌12年耐药情况分析

目的：分析导致临床感染的540株铜绿假单胞菌的临床特点及耐药情况,为临床预防感染及合理用药提供依据。方法：回顾性分析12年来540株铜绿假单胞菌的耐药情况。结果：住院患者铜绿假单胞菌检出率明显高于门诊患者,且以重症病房（ICU）尤为显著;下呼吸道感染是主要的临床感染来源;中老年人及慢性病患者,重症患者为易被侵袭人群;铜绿假单胞菌对多数抗生素有较高的耐药性及多重耐药性,且耐药性有逐年上升的趋势。结论：铜绿假单胞菌是临床常见条件致病菌,耐药性严重。治疗中应根据分离株耐药特点选择合理用药方案,避免多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的出现。     

白蚁链霉菌ACT-2菌株抗菌谱及其发酵液抑菌稳定性分析

测定了白蚁链霉菌（Streptomyces termitum）ACT-2菌株的抗菌谱．结果表明：ACT-2菌株对细菌类病原体有较强的拮抗能力,对真菌类病原菌抑菌效果不显著．以水稻白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv．oryzae）P6生理小种为指示菌,分析了ACT-2菌株发酵液的抑菌稳定性．ACT-2菌株发酵液抑菌稳定性实验显示：在温度低于80℃,4000lx光照强度下,ACT-2菌株发酵液能保持稳定的抑菌能力;温度高于90℃时,其发酵液的抑菌能力开始降低;经酸碱处理后,其发酵液的抑菌能力出现了明显的降低．     

新生儿重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎病原学分析

目的探讨新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）病原菌特点及药敏情况,为临床治疗VAP提供科学依据。方法对2008年1月-2010年6月本院NICU102例VAP病例进行深部痰培养,对其病原菌分布及药敏进行分析。结果102例VAP患者中86例痰培养阳性,其中革兰氏阴性菌73例（82．95％）,对β-内酰胺类抗菌素普遍耐药,对丁胺卡那中度敏感,对亚胺培南、环丙沙星敏感。革兰氏阳性球菌13例（14．77％）,对青霉素、红霉素均耐药,对头孢菌素类抗菌素普遍耐药,对环丙沙星中度敏感,对万古霉素敏感。真菌2例,对氟康唑敏感。结论NICU中VAP病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主,其次为革兰氏阳性球菌,两者均对常用抗菌素如头孢菌素类等普遍耐药;大部分革兰氏阴性菌对亚胺培南敏感,革兰氏阳性球菌对万古霉素敏感。     

A putative lipid transfer protein involved in systemic resistance signalling in Arabidopsis

Localized attack by a necrotizing pathogen induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to subsequent attack by a broad range of normally virulent pathogens. Salicylic acid accumulation is required for activation of local defenses, such as pathogenesis-related protein accumulation, at the initial site of attack, and for subsequent expression of SAR upon secondary, distant challenge. Although salicylic acid moves through the plant, it is apparently not an essential mobile signal. We screened Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer DNA (tDNA) tagged lines of Arabidopsis thaliana for mutants specifically compromized in SAR. Here we show that Defective in induced resistance 1-1 (dir1-1) exhibits wild-type local resistance to avirulent and virulent Pseudomonas syringae, but that pathogenesis-related gene expression is abolished in uninoculated distant leaves and dir1-1 fails to develop SAR to virulent Pseudomonas or Peronospora parasitica. Petiole exudate experiments indicate that dir1-1 is defective in the production or transmission from the inoculated leaf of an essential mobile signal. DIR1 encodes a putative apoplastic lipid transfer protein and we propose that DIR1 interacts with a lipid-derived molecule to promote long distance signalling.     

R gene expression induced by a type-III effector triggers disease resistance in rice

Disease resistance (R) genes in plants encode products that specifically recognise incompatible pathogens and trigger a cascade of events leading to disease resistance in the host plant. R-gene specificity is dictated by both host R genes and cognate avirulence (avr) genes in pathogens. However, the basis of gene-for-gene specificity is not well understood. Here, we report the cloning of the R gene Xa27 from rice and the cognate avr gene avrXa27 from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Resistant and susceptible alleles of Xa27 encode identical proteins. However, expression of only the resistant allele occurs when a rice plant is challenged by bacteria harbouring avrXa27, whose product is a nuclear localized type-III effector. Induction of Xa27 occurs only in the immediate vicinity of infected tissue, whereas ectopic expression of Xa27 resulted in resistance to otherwise compatible strains of the pathogen. Thus Xa27 specificity towards incompatible pathogens involves the differential expression of the R gene in the presence of the AvrXa27 effector.     

患病牦牛源大肠杆菌对10种不同抗菌药物敏感性试验

采用K-B纸片扩散法对67株患病牦牛源大肠杆菌进行粘杆菌素、多西环素、利福平等10种不同抗菌药物敏感性试验,试验数据采用Whonet5.4软件统计以分析牦牛源大肠杆菌的耐药率和耐药谱型.结果表明,牦牛源大肠杆菌对乙酰甲喹的耐药率为41.79%,其余9个药的耐药率均在80%以上,其中利福平、土霉素的耐药率为100%.耐药谱型以粘杆菌素/多西环素/利福平/磺胺嘧啶/替米考星/土霉素/萘啶酸/磺胺间甲嘧啶/磺胺二甲嘧啶为优势耐药谱型.     

棉花病害拮抗菌SC-4鉴定及其抗菌物质分离纯化

从徐州工程学院周围多点取土样,筛选得到一株对多种细菌、真菌(尤其是引起棉花病害的真菌,如棉花立枯病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、棉铃红腐病菌)具有较好抑制作用的放线菌菌株,命名为SC-4.通过形态学、生理生化实验以及菌株16SrDNA序列分析,初步确定其为淡紫灰链霉菌类群中的灰褐链霉菌.通过硫酸铵沉淀获得样品,再经高效液相色谱分离,获得4个组分,其中组分2对棉花致病菌有较好的抑制作用.该研究对于新型生物农药的开发以及棉花病害生物防治具有一定意义.     

Bacterial disease resistance in Arabidopsis through flagellin perception

Plants and animals recognize microbial invaders by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as flagellin. However, the importance of flagellin perception for disease resistance has, until now, not been demonstrated. Here we show that treatment of plants with flg22, a peptide representing the elicitor-active epitope of flagellin, induces the expression of numerous defence-related genes and triggers resistance to pathogenic bacteria in wild-type plants, but not in plants carrying mutations in the flagellin receptor gene FLS2. This induced resistance seems to be independent of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene signalling. Wild-type and fls2 mutants both display enhanced resistance when treated with crude bacterial extracts, even devoid of elicitor-active flagellin, indicating the existence of functional perception systems for PAMPs other than flagellin. Although fls2 mutant plants are as susceptible as the wild type when bacteria are infiltrated into leaves, they are more susceptible to the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 when it is sprayed on the leaf surface. Thus, flagellin perception restricts bacterial invasion, probably at an early step, and contributes to the plant's disease resistance.     

水貂源大肠杆菌对9种抗菌药物敏感性试验

为了解水貂源大肠杆菌对抗菌药物的敏感性,指导兽医临床有效防治大肠杆菌病.采集山东省某水貂养殖场水貂粪便;采用常规的分离、鉴定方法获得8株大肠杆菌菌株;采用K-B纸片扩散法检测菌株对9种抗菌药物的药物敏感性.结果表明,菌株对9种药物呈不同水平的耐药性(耐药率范围25.0~100.0%),对妥布霉素、阿米卡星100%耐药;对粘杆菌素、氟喹诺酮类呈较低耐药率;62.5%的菌株对所检测的8种药物耐药.以上结果说明了本次检测的水貂源大肠杆菌耐药性非常严重,临床上应根据药敏试验结果,合理和谨慎地使用抗菌药物以控制水貂大肠杆菌病.     

大肠杆菌耐药机制中激活外排泵和减少摄入量的研究进展

概述了大肠杆菌中激活外排泵和减少摄入量这两个重要的耐药机制和克服它们的新策略,主要包括近年来在理解外排泵系统的物理结构、功能和调控子中的进步和有利于开发以外排泵为靶位的药物研究进展。     

水稻Xa7基因抗白叶枯病应答中的活性氧代谢分析

白叶枯病是由革兰氏阴性黄单孢菌水稻变种（Xanthomonas oryzae pv．Oryzae，Xoo）所引起的一种世界性水稻细菌病害．水稻Xa7基因是一个具有广谱抗性的显性抗白叶枯病基因．通过对水稻抗病品种IRBB7（含Xa7）和感病对照IR24接种白叶枯菌PX086，发现：在叶片的病原菌侵染部位，IRBB7比IR24的活性氧（H2O2和O2-）积累更快且含量更高；与活性氧代谢相关的酶，如超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和过氧化物酶的活性也更高．推测活性氧的代谢调节可能在Xa7基因介导的抗病反应中起作用．     

抗菌药物耐药的现状、原因及对策

抗菌药物的发现和应用极大改善了严重细菌感染性疾病患者的预后,但耐药菌的出现和迅速传播则会严重影响其疗效,而防控抗菌药物耐药的一个重要措施是采用正确、适量的抗菌药物防治细菌感染性疾病.现总结抗菌药物耐药的现状、原因及对策,以期能为抗菌药物的临床合理应用及降低其耐药风险提供参考.     

Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics by re-modelling the active site of an E. coli penicillin-binding protein

The beta-lactam antibiotics kill bacteria by inhibiting a set of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) that catalyse the final stages of peptidoglycan synthesis. In some bacteria the development of intrinsic resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics by the reduction in the affinity of PBPs causes serious clinical problems. The introduction of beta-lactam antibiotics that are resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases may also result in the emergence of intrinsic resistance among the Enterobacteriaceae. The clinical problems that would arise from the emergence of resistant PBPs in enterobacteria have led us to examine the ease with which Escherichia coli can gain resistance to beta-lactams by the production of altered PBPs. The development of resistant PBPs also provides an interesting example of enzyme evolution, since it requires a subtle re-modeling of the enzyme active centre so that it retains affinity for its peptide substrate but excludes the structurally analogous beta-lactam antibiotics. We show here that only four amino-acid substitutions need to be introduced into PBP 3 of E. coli to produce a strain possessing substantial levels of resistance to a wide variety of cephalosporins. We also show that transfer of the gene encoding the resistant PBP 3 from the chromosome to a plasmid could result in the spread of intrinsic resistance not only to other strains of E. coli but also to other enterobacterial species.     

利用ELISA方法鉴定大白菜TuMV抗性

为了准确鉴定大白菜分离群体中各个单株的TuMV抗/感特性,采用美国Agdia公司的TuMV检测试剂盒,利用ELISA方法,对接种后的抗、感材料和F2代单株进行检测.结果表明,对抗病材料和感病材料,ELISA检测结果与其抗性表现基本一致,能明显区分出抗病和感病.但对发病较为严重的高感病毒病材料,ELISA检测结果却为阴性.绝大多数F2代的ELISA检测结果能够说明各个单株的抗/感特性.利用ELISA方法还能对某些单株的抗/感特性进行提前预测.因此,ELISA方法可作为大白菜TuMV抗病性鉴定的有利辅助手段.