不同化学激活方法对小鼠卵母细胞孤雌激活效果的影响

通过比较几种常用的化学激活方法对小鼠卵母细胞的孤雌激活和孤雌生殖胚胎体外发育的影响,从而筛选出小鼠卵母细胞孤雌激活的适宜方法.选取成熟小鼠卵母细胞,随机分为以下9组进行激活处理:①离子霉素(I)+6-二甲氨基嘌呤(D);②I+D+细胞松弛素B(CB);③I+放线菌酮(C);④I+C+CB;⑤φ(乙醇)=7%的乙醇(E)+D;⑥E+D+CB;⑦E+C;⑧E+C+CB;⑨Sr2++CB.比较了这9种化学激活方法以及SrCl2的作用时间和卵龄对小鼠卵母细胞激活效果的影响.实验结果表明:小鼠卵母细胞孤雌激活率与激活措施和卵龄有关;小鼠卵母细胞可以被I+D+CB或SrCl2+CB有效激活,激活率及孵化囊胚发育率均高于其他激活方法(P0.05),且以SrCl2+CB最为有效.hCG注射后20h为小鼠卵母细胞进行SrCl2激活的最适卵龄,其最佳处理时间为4h.对小鼠卵母细胞而言,6-DMAP比放线菌酮的激活效果好.     

不同融合条件及激活方法对体细胞克隆绵羊胚胎发育的影响

对成年绵羊耳部皮肤细胞进行培养传代，将培养出的成纤维细胞经血清饥饿法处理后，作为核供体移植到MII期去核卵母细胞中进行核移植胚胎的生产，用细胞驰素B法与离子霉素＋6－DMAP法对核移植胚胎（重构胚）在电融合后进行化学激活，然后在38.6度，5％CO2，最大相对湿度条件下，进行体外培养（IVC），重构胚卵裂率分别为37．8％与43．8％（51／135与81／185），囊／桑葚胚率分别为9．8％和12．3％（5／51和10／81），在融合电压1．5kV/cm，持续时间30us，脉冲次数为2次的条件下，孤雌激活胚胎的卵裂率和囊／桑葚胚率分别为81．0％和12．9％。     

促减数分裂甾醇（MAS）对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及其胚胎发育能力的影响

利用促减数分裂甾醇(MAS)合成代谢过程中的抑制剂AY9944累积FF-MAS的原理,在猪卵母细胞体外成熟过程中添加AY9944,间接地研究了内源性MAS对猪卵母细胞体外成熟质量的影响.猪卵丘卵母细胞复合体(cumulus oocyte complexes,COCs)培养在NCSU23成熟培养液中,并添加不同浓度(0,10,20,40μmol/L)的AY9944培养44h.培养结束后,成熟的卵母细胞进行孤雌激活和以胎儿成纤维细胞为核供体重构胚胎,分别于48和144h观察胚胎发育情况,统计卵裂率和囊胚率及囊胚/2-细胞胚比率.结果如下:(1)随着AY9944添加浓度的增加,退化的卵母细胞增多,40μmol/L AY9944处理的退化卵显著,卵母细胞成熟率显著下降.(2)成熟培养液添加20和40μmol/L AY9944处理的孤雌激活胚胎的囊胚形成率和2-细胞胚发育到囊胚的比率显著增加(P<0.05).(3)以对照组(0μmol/L AY9944)和20μmol/L AY9944处理的卵母细胞为胞质受体,发现20μmol/L AY9944处理的克隆胚的发育能力囊胚率和2-细胞胚发育到囊胚的比率有所提高,但无显著差异(P>0.05).以上结果表明,猪卵母细胞体外成熟过程中添加AY9944提高了猪卵母细胞体外成熟的胞质质量,胚胎的发育能力提高.     

年龄、成熟方式及培养液对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟和人工活化的影响

为研究卵母细胞能充分在体外成熟和发育,比较了年龄、成熟方式及培养液对昆明白小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟和人工活化的影响.1.5月龄、3月龄、6月龄、9月龄和12月龄小鼠的GV期卵母细胞其体外成熟率无差异(P0.05).经人工活化后,与体内成熟的卵母细胞相比,体外成熟的卵母细胞发育到原核期胚和2-细胞期胚的比率都明显降低;体外成熟的生长在HTF培养液的卵母细胞发育到2-细胞期胚的比率(44.4%)显著高于生长在M16培养液的比率(22.9%)(P0.01).结果表明昆明白小鼠卵母细胞的体外成熟不受年龄影响,体外成熟的卵母细胞人工活化后支持发育的能力比体内成熟的差,HTF培养液更适合小鼠卵母细胞人工活化后的进一步发育.     

水牛卵母细胞孤雌激活及孤雌胚与体外受精胚发育的比较

目的对MII期水牛卵母细胞进行人工诱导激活,可以间接判断体外成熟卵母细胞质量的优劣,并且,卵母细胞的充分激活也是提高核移植效率的关键因素之一。比较了水牛卵母细胞体外成熟时间对孤雌激活胚发育能力的影响以及不同化学激活方法对水牛卵母细胞孤雌激活效果的影响,并在相同条件下,对孤雌激活胚与体外受精胚的发育能力进行了比较。结果表明,水牛卵母细胞体外成熟27 h或30 h的囊胚发育率(19.0%,17.7%)明显高于体外成熟21 h或24 h的囊胚发育率(12.3%,13.8%);Ion联合6_DMAP激活水牛卵母细胞的效果优于其他几组激活方法;在相同培养条件下,孤雌激活胚与体外受精胚的发育能力存在着差异,其中卵裂率差异不显著,但孤雌激活胚的囊胚发育率显著高于体外受精胚(21.7%,13.0%)。     

黄颡鱼三倍体人工诱导方法的比较研究

应用热休克、冷休克、6-DMAP和CB处理黄颡鱼受精卵,探讨诱导三倍体的适宜方法.4种方法均能诱导黄颡鱼受精卵形成三倍体胚胎.受精卵经热休克处理（受精后第8min,40℃处理2min）,诱导率为93.3%,孵化率为78.6%;冷休克法（受精后第3min,4℃处理15min）诱导率为63.3%,孵化率为82.3%;受精卵经6-DMAP和CB处理得到的诱导率较低,分别为26.7%和10.0%.综合考虑,热休克法及冷休克法为诱导黄颡鱼三倍体的适宜方法.     

小鼠非清髓性单倍体相合骨髓移植模型的建立

目的建立小鼠非清髓性单倍体相合骨髓移植模型,为研究移植前诱导免疫耐受或移植后输注供者细胞促进植入提供研究平台。方法以CB6F1雌性小鼠为受鼠,移植前1 d予450 cGy全身照射（TBI）后,随机分为2组,实验组移植0 d输注C57BL/6雄性小鼠骨髓有核细胞5×107/只,对照组不予移植。然后监测受鼠造血恢复、检测供鼠性别决定基因（SRY）判断植入情况,以及外周血供者细胞尤其CD3＋细胞嵌合状态,同时观察小鼠急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）的发生情况。结果对照组小鼠均存活,仅表现轻度aGVHD,血象移植后30 d内基本恢复正常水平。实验组小鼠SRY基因在移植后＋14 d、＋30 d、＋60 d时检测PCR结果均阳性,供鼠外周血淋巴细胞、单核细胞、粒细胞嵌合率在移植后14 d分别为23.8%、36.9%%、19.4%;30 d分别为49.9%、53.2%、54.4%;60 d分别为67.6%、51.6%、56.9%,其中CD3＋细胞嵌合率分别为4.4%、21.2%、54.4%。结论 450 cGyTBI的非清髓性预处理方案,可以诱导受鼠免疫耐受、供者骨髓细胞植入,嵌合率处于中低水平混合嵌合状态。     

微注射MT-hGH融合基因后小鼠原核卵体外发育和移植的研究

将MT-hGH(小鼠金属巯因启动子--人生长激素基因)融合基因,用微注射的方法注入昆明白小鼠原核卵的雄原核中,观察注射外源基因对原核卵的存活,卵裂及2细胞胚胎体外发育的影响。实验结果表明,昆明白小鼠原核卵在雄原核内注射2p1 MT-hGH基因悬液后存活率为86.71％,其存活率与只穿刺雄原核不注射:注射培养液;注射TE缓衡液后存活率相近(分别为84.94％,84.4％和86.42％)。基因注射后原核卵存活率降低主要由注射针机械刺激引起的。原核卵在注射MT-hGH基因后注射胚卵裂率显著降低,以培养24h统计。注射培养液组活胚卵裂率为93.98％,丽注射基因组仅为87.96％(P<0.01)。注射MT-hGH基因组在体外培养条件下,2细胞到胚泡的发育率为40.66％,而注射培养液的对照组为64.09％(P<0.05)。注射基因组胚胎发育速度延缓,部分胚胎延缓12h。将基因注射后的原核卵经体外培养形成的198枚2细胞胚。45枚桑椹胚和161枚胚泡,移植给54只假孕受体,其中16只受体妊娠,产仔49只。目前存活25只。85日龄时。有6只小鼠体重为对照组平均体重的1.207～1.353倍,生长速度较快。经检测其中有5只呈阳性反应为转基因小鼠。     

克隆绵羊遇到的问题及其分析

本研究以体外成熟不同时间的绵羊卵母细胞为胞质受体,对去核、融合、不同激活方法、卵裂率、桑/囊胚率和克隆胚受胎率等作了研究与分析.观察妊娠受体母羊的状态、胎儿体内发育情况,分析影响胎儿发育的原因.结果显示,成熟培养18h、22h、24h卵母细胞的盲吸去核率无显著性差异(84.9%,86.6%,84.3%,p>0.05),但显著高于26h组的去核率(71.7%).离子酶素联合cycloheximide(CHX)对重构胚进行激活,卵裂率显著高于A23187联合6-DMAP的激活方法(84.6%vs 63.2%,p<0.05),但二者处理对桑/囊胚率发育无显著差异(25.5%vs18.7%,p>0.05).作为胞质受体,成熟20h的卵母细胞与成熟24h和26h的卵母细胞相比,不利于重构胚的体外发育,桑/囊胚率差异显著(12.3%vs 25.3%,23.4%,p<0.05).分别以美丽奴、杜泊肉羊的体细胞为供体细胞进行克隆生产,90天以后的妊娠率为10%-17%,发育到期率为10%以上.出生羔羊的体重普遍较大.     

细胞松弛素B、温度、离心处理对猪卵母细胞OPS玻璃化冷冻的影响

主要探讨使用CB预处理和不同温度冷冻保护剂对猪卵母细OPS玻璃化冷冻保存的影响,并对使用不同温度冷冻保护剂下,探讨离心猪卵母细胞后的OPS冷冻、解冻的效果.结果表明,体外成熟培养12h后,将经7.5μg/mL细胞松弛素B(CB)处理的猪卵母细胞进行OPS玻璃化冷冻保存.解冻后继续体外成熟培养,猪卵母细胞的形态正常率和成熟率与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),但是与对照组相比,经冷冻前经CB预处理的卵母细胞其体外受精胚胎的卵裂率、桑葚胚和囊胚率显著提高(P<0.05).此外,使用预平衡至39℃的冷冻保护剂能够达到较好的解冻效果,卵母细胞成熟率较高,但离心并没有促进冷冻后猪卵母细胞体外受精胚胎发育率.     

小鼠孤雌生殖胚胎干细胞的分离及分化潜能研究

用免疫外科法从小鼠孤雌生殖胚胎分离胚胎干细胞,并研究了其在体内、体外的分化潜能．结果发现:从小鼠孤雌生殖的胚胎中可分离出胚胎干细胞(pES),可以传代培养25代,能表达很强的碱性磷酸酶,核型稳定呈40XX．培养至第18代的pES在体内可诱导肿瘤形成,并可分化为三个胚层的组织细胞．免疫组化结果显示:神经细胞特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、肌肉特异性肌动蛋白?-actin均呈阳性,表明分离培养的pES在体内可至少分化为来自外胚层和中胚层的组织细胞．传至第20～24代的pES细胞,经体外定向诱导分化,可定向分化为节律性收缩的心肌细胞及神经细胞．免疫组化检测显示节律性收缩的心肌细胞表达?-actin,而神经细胞表达NSE．结果表明:利用免疫外科法可从孤雌生殖的小鼠胚胎建立pES,这些pES在体内、体外都具有分化为多种类型细胞的潜能．     

Derivation of haploid embryonic stem cells from mouse embryos

Most animals are diploid, but haploid-only and male-haploid (such as honeybee and ant) species have been described. The diploid genomes of complex organisms limit genetic approaches in biomedical model species such as mice. To overcome this problem, experimental induction of haploidy has been used in fish. Haploid development in zebrafish has been applied for genetic screening. Recently, haploid pluripotent cell lines from medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) have also been established. In contrast, haploidy seems less compatible with development in mammals. Although haploid cells have been observed in egg cylinder stage parthenogenetic mouse embryos, most cells in surviving embryos become diploid. Here we describe haploid mouse embryonic stem cells and show their application in forward genetic screening.     

隆线溞不同生殖状态下5种同工酶的活性比较

采用不连续垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,选取与隆线生长发育密切相关的5种同工酶:乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(M DH)、酯酶(EST)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PDH)和细胞色素氧化酶(CO),比较分析了隆线溞在不种生殖状态下(孤雌溞、两性雌溞及雄溞)5种同工酶的表达差异.结果表明,隆线溞在3种生殖状态下,5种同工酶仅乳酸脱氢酶和酯酶呈现出酶带,这两种酶在孤雌溞和两性雌溞体内的表达变化基本一致,但乳酸脱氢酶雌溞、雄溞体内表达差异变化较大.其余3种同工酶的酶谱在隆线溞3种生殖状态下均不显著,可能是它们在隆线溞体内表达量很小,以至于活性较低.     

体外培养时间和表皮生长因子对牦牛卵母细胞成熟及孤雌胚胎体外发育的影响

研究在成熟液中添加表皮生长因子（Epidermal growth factor,EGF）以及成熟时间对牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟及孤雌胚胎体外发育的影响,以确立牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟的最佳体系.结果表明,成熟液中添加EGF组的成熟率明显高于未添加组（P＜0.05）,并且牦牛卵母细胞的成熟率随着EGF添加的浓度增加也不断上升;随着体外培养时间的延长,成熟率逐渐增加,培养24 h后成熟率趋于稳定;胚胎体外培养液中添加EGF能显著提高孤雌胚胎的8-细胞和囊胚形成率（P＜0.05）.由此推测：在体外培养22-24 h,且添加40 μg/mL EGF最有利于牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟;胚胎培养液中添加40μg/mLEGF能显著提高牦牛孤雌胚胎的体外发育能力.     

Haploidy or diploidy: which is better?

Although the evolutionary advantages of sexual reproduction have been extensively discussed, much less attention has been paid to haploid and diploid phases of the sexual life cycle. The relative lengths of these phases differ greatly in various taxa, including as extremes those with one or the other phase reduced to a single cell. Here we consider the efficiency of elimination of deleterious mutations as an evolutionary force and compare the mutation loads under haploid and diploid selection, Ln and L2n. With truncation-like selection, partial dominance, and heterozygous effect of a mutation less than about 1/4 its hemizygous effect, L2n less than Ln; otherwise L2n greater than Ln. The difference becomes important when the genomic deleterious mutation rate exceeds about 1 per genome. This suggests that the mutation rate, degree of dominance and mode of selection can be important in life-cycle evolution.     

Development of reconstituted mouse eggs suggests imprinting of the genome during gametogenesis

It has been suggested that the failure of parthenogenetic mouse embryos to develop to term is primarily due to their aberrant cytoplasm and homozygosity leading to the expression of recessive lethal genes. The reported birth of homozygous gynogenetic (male pronucleus removed from egg after fertilization) mice and of animals following transplantation of nuclei from parthenogenetic embryos to enucleated fertilized eggs, is indicative of abnormal cytoplasm and not an abnormal genotype of the activated eggs. However, we and others have been unable to obtain such homozygous mice. We investigated this problem further by using reconstituted heterozygous eggs, with haploid parthenogenetic eggs as recipients for a male or female pronucleus. We report here that the eggs which receive a male pronucleus develop to term but those with two female pronuclei develop only poorly after implantation. Therefore, the cytoplasm of activated eggs is fully competent to support development to term but not if the genome is entirely of maternal origin. We propose that specific imprinting of the genome occurs during gametogenesis so that the presence of both a male and a female pronucleus is essential in an egg for full-term development. The paternal imprinting of the genome appears necessary for the normal development of the extraembryonic membranes and the trophoblast.     

Genetic segregation and the maintenance of sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction confronts evolutionary biology with a paradox: other things being equal, an asexual (all-female) population will have twice the reproductive potential of a competing sexual population and therefore should rapidly drive the sexual population to extinction. Thus, the persistence of sexual reproduction in most life forms implies a compensatory advantage to sexual reproduction. Work on this problem has emphasized the evolutionary advantages produced by the genetic recombination that accompanies sexual reproduction. Here we show that genetic segregation produces an advantage to sexual reproduction even in the absence of an advantage from recombination. Segregation in a diploid sexual population allows selection to carry a single advantageous mutation to a homozygous state, whereas two separate mutations are required in a parthenogenetic population. The complete fixation of advantageous mutations is thus delayed in a heterozygous state in asexual populations. Calculation of the selective load incurred suggests that it may offset the intrinsic twofold reproductive advantage of asexual reproduction and maintain sexual reproduction in diploid populations.     

Effects of different nuclear transfer and activation methods on the development of mouse somatic cell cloned embryos

A group of adult somatic cell cloned mice were obtained by using cumulus cells as nuclei donor cells. To study the effect of different nuclear transfer (NT) and activation methods on the development of mouse cloned embryos, embryos were reconstructed using two traditional NT methods (electrofusion and direct injection) and four activation treatments (electric pulse, ethanol, SrCl2 and electric pulse combined with SrCl2). The data showed that the efficiency of reconstruction using the direct injection method is significantly higher (90.7%) than that of the electrofusion method (49.7%). Parthenogenetic embryos can develop to blastocyst stage with three activation conditions, including ethanol, electric pulse and SrCl2; however, the rates of development to blastocyst after ethanol and electric pulse acti-vation (52.4%, 54.2%) are significantly lower than after SrCl2 activation (76.9%). Treatment of embryos for 6 h with 10 mmol/L SrCl2 was found to be the best condition for activation of parthenogenetic as well as reconstructed embryos. By contrast, reconstructed embryos failed to develop to blastocyst stage after being activated by ethanol. The use of either injection or electrofusion for embryo reconstruction affected the pre-implantation development. However, after transfer in pseudopregnant mice, cloned mice were obtained from both methods.     

当代生命科学研究的新成果

简要介绍了当代生命科学研究取得的新成果，包括揭示泥菌生理奥秘、实现哺乳动物单亲无精生殖、发现戒毒瘾蛋白质、实现基因替代。