小鼠不同类型孤雌激活卵的形成及其孤雌胚发育状况的研究

注射hCG18h后收集小鼠卵母细胞,采用不同试剂和作用不同时间对其进行激活,观察不同类型激活卵的形成情况及孤雌胚的发育状况,并对单倍体孤雌胚进行了核型分析。结果表明：1）几种激活方法均可得到均质单倍体、嵌合单倍体、1个原核（1PN）的杂合二倍体和2个原核（2PN）的杂合二倍体4种孤雌激活类型。乙醇及Srcl2单独激活后出现单倍体的比率较高;而乙醇联合6-DMAP以及Srcl2联合CB激活后出现二倍体的比率较高;2）10％的乙醇单独作用10min,卵母细胞激活率最高,达到63．3％;在激活卯的原核类型上,2-细胞（嵌合单倍体）的比率随着乙醇刺激强度的增加而增加,但乙醇单独激活后过二细胞阻滞率及桑葚胚的发育率较差;3）10％的乙醇处理5min后染色观察发现出现2细胞嵌合单倍体的比例较高,但接着用6-DMAP分别处理2、4、6h,跟踪观察发现杂合二倍体类型出现比率随时间延长而升高,处理6h后出现2PN杂合二倍体比率最高,且过二细胞阻滞率及桑葚胚的发育率也显著高于乙醇单独激活,但嵌合单倍体数量较不加6-DMAP时却减少;4）10％的乙醇、2mmol／L的6-DMAP联合5μg／mL的CB处理6h后,过二细胞阻滞率及桑葚胚的发育率与不加CB比较差异不显著;5）10mmol／L的Srcl2单独及联合CB分别作用2、4h均能有效激活小鼠卵母细胞,单独及联合CB作用4h的激活率最高,两者差异不显著;在激活卵的原核类型,Srcl2单独激活后出现单倍体类型的比率较高,而联合CB后出现二倍体的比率较高,且过二细胞阻滞率及桑葚胚的发育率与Srcl2单独作用相比差异显著;6）先Srcl2处理1h后染色观察发现形成均质单倍体的比例较高,但接着用CB分别处理1、2h,跟踪观察发现杂合二倍体类型出现比率大大提高,同时发现均质单倍体类型数目反而有所减少。结论：小鼠卵母细?     

水牛卵母细胞孤雌激活及孤雌胚与体外受精胚发育的比较

目的对MII期水牛卵母细胞进行人工诱导激活,可以间接判断体外成熟卵母细胞质量的优劣,并且,卵母细胞的充分激活也是提高核移植效率的关键因素之一。比较了水牛卵母细胞体外成熟时间对孤雌激活胚发育能力的影响以及不同化学激活方法对水牛卵母细胞孤雌激活效果的影响,并在相同条件下,对孤雌激活胚与体外受精胚的发育能力进行了比较。结果表明,水牛卵母细胞体外成熟27 h或30 h的囊胚发育率(19.0%,17.7%)明显高于体外成熟21 h或24 h的囊胚发育率(12.3%,13.8%);Ion联合6_DMAP激活水牛卵母细胞的效果优于其他几组激活方法;在相同培养条件下,孤雌激活胚与体外受精胚的发育能力存在着差异,其中卵裂率差异不显著,但孤雌激活胚的囊胚发育率显著高于体外受精胚(21.7%,13.0%)。     

精子和酒精对小鼠卵母细胞激活的比较

对不同卵龄的小鼠卵母细胞被精子和酒精激活后的激活率进行了比较。结果显示,卵母细胞对常规的体外受精和酒精的人工激活的激活率存在卵龄的差异。注射hCG后15～24h的卵母细胞容易被酒精的人工刺激所激活,20h卵龄的卵母细胞激活率最高,平均为81．6％,且速即卵裂率也最高,平均为48％,卵龄更大的卵母细胞激活率降低,而13h的卵母细胞难以被酒精激活。另一方面,13～15h的卵母细胞容易被精子激活而受精,卵龄较大的卵母细胞在体外难以被精子激活受精。这表明,精子和酒精对卵母细胞的激活机制有所不同。     

小鼠卵孤雌激活及激活过程中细胞内游离Ca^2＋的变化

小鼠ＭⅡ期卵母细胞经８％乙醇或电刺激后在体外可孤雌发育至囊胚。利用Ｃａ２＋荧光探针ｆｕｒａ－２测定人工激活小鼠卵过程中胞内游离Ｃａ２＋浓度的动态变化结果表明，乙醇和电刺激激活卵时均诱导胞质游离Ｃａ２＋浓度较大幅度升高；而未被激活的卵胞质Ｃａ２＋浓度维持稳定。表明胞质游离Ｃａ２＋浓度升高可能是卵激活的启动信号。在无Ｃａ２＋或用ＥＧＴＡ螯合细胞外Ｃａ２＋的条件下电刺激不能诱导卵内游离Ｃａ２＋升高，而乙醇却仍可引起卵内游离Ｃａ２＋较小幅度升高。这表明，电刺激必导的卵内游离Ｃａ２＋升高主要来源于细胞外Ｃａ２＋内流。乙醇则可诱发细胞内钙库Ｃａ２＋释放。     

猪卵母细胞体外成熟及电激活后发育能力的研究

探讨了不同的成熟培养液及外源激素对猪卵母细胞体外成熟培养及电激活后孤雌胚胎发育能力的影响. 结果表明：（1）改良M199（mM199）组猪卵母细胞成熟率显著高于M199组，且这两组又较NCSU-23组能极显著提高卵母细胞的成熟率. （2）孕马血清（PMSG）+人绒毛膜促性腺激素（hCG）+促卵泡素（FSH）组卵母细胞成熟率略高于FSH+促黄体素（LH）组，两者卵母细胞成熟率极显著高于尿促性腺激素（hMG）组. （3）含胎牛血清（FBS），猪卵泡液（PFF），表皮生长因子（EGF）的培养液较对照组在卵母细胞成熟率上无显著差异，但均能显著提高电激活后的卵裂率.添加EGF组桑囊率明显高于不添加组.但分别添加FBS和PFF组较对照组在桑囊率上均无显著差异. （4）卵丘细胞扩散与卵母细胞第一极体排出之间无直接相关性，但扩散程度好能提高电激活后的卵裂率.     

富勒烯及其衍生物对小鼠卵母细胞成熟和激活的作用

为探索富勒烯及其水溶性衍生物对哺乳动物卵母细胞减数分裂的作用,使用富勒烯膦酸衍生物(2P)、富勒烯-PVP和富勒醇作用于体外培养的小鼠GV期卵母细胞和超排卵母细胞,通过观察第一极体排出率和原核形成率以判断卵母细胞的成熟和激活,并探讨光照对这一作用的影响.结果表明,在光照和非光照下,富勒烯的PVP水溶液、富勒醇对卵母细胞的成熟没有明显影响,而2P在光照下对卵母细胞的成熟和孤雌激活具有明显抑制作用,其作用有浓度依赖性.     

猪早期孤雌胚胎脂滴含量和脂肪酸代谢相关基因表达的初步研究

作为能量来源,脂质在卵母细胞成熟、胚胎发育和干细胞增殖中发挥着重要作用,猪卵母细胞和早期胚胎中存在丰富的脂质,但是其脂肪酸代谢的作用机制还知之甚少.本研究通过统计卵母细胞的成熟率和体外受精的囊胚率,确定添加10%卵泡液是最优的卵母细胞成熟体系.通过检测电激活、电激活结合CB和9%乙醇分别作用3min、8min、11min等对卵裂率和囊胚率的影响,确定电激活(卵裂率为81.69%±0.41%,囊胚率为26.45%±0.28%)方式是最优的孤雌激活方案.免疫荧光染色显示孤雌囊胚的细胞核数目明显少于体外受精囊胚,对孤雌胚胎进行脂滴染色和脂滴含量检测的结果显示,脂滴定位于核周围,H2Av只存在于细胞核内,不存在于脂滴中,8-细胞时期脂滴直径达到最大,而桑椹胚中脂滴含量最高.对脂肪酸代谢相关基因的RT-PCR结果显示,与卵母细胞相比,FAS等基因表达量呈在胚胎发育各个时期呈上升趋势,ACADM等基因表达量呈下降趋势.本研究为深入了解脂肪酸代谢在早期胚胎发育过程中的作用机制奠定了基础.     

瘦素对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及克隆猪妊娠率的影响

体细胞克隆猪在人类医学、基础科学研究和畜牧业生产方面均具有很大的应用潜力.为了提高体细胞克隆猪的效率,首先比较了两种基础成熟液NCSU-23和TCM199的体外成熟效果,然后在TCM199培养液的基础上,较系统地研究了添加不同浓度的瘦素对猪卵母细胞成熟、孤雌激活胚胎和克隆胚胎的体外发育以及克隆胚胎体内发育的影响.结果表明:成熟液中添加100ng/mL或200ng/mL瘦素对猪卵母细胞的核成熟没有显著影响(P>0.05);对孤雌激活卵裂率和克隆胚胎卵裂率也没有显著影响(P>0.05);但却显著提高了孤雌激活胚胎的囊胚率和囊胚细胞数,并且显著提高了克隆胚胎的囊胚率;当添加量为100ng/mL时,克隆囊胚的细胞数显著升高.另外,研究表明,瘦素很可能具有提高克隆胚胎移植妊娠率和妊娠到期率的作用.     

促减数分裂甾醇（MAS）对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及其胚胎发育能力的影响

利用促减数分裂甾醇(MAS)合成代谢过程中的抑制剂AY9944累积FF-MAS的原理,在猪卵母细胞体外成熟过程中添加AY9944,间接地研究了内源性MAS对猪卵母细胞体外成熟质量的影响.猪卵丘卵母细胞复合体(cumulus oocyte complexes,COCs)培养在NCSU23成熟培养液中,并添加不同浓度(0,10,20,40μmol/L)的AY9944培养44h.培养结束后,成熟的卵母细胞进行孤雌激活和以胎儿成纤维细胞为核供体重构胚胎,分别于48和144h观察胚胎发育情况,统计卵裂率和囊胚率及囊胚/2-细胞胚比率.结果如下:(1)随着AY9944添加浓度的增加,退化的卵母细胞增多,40μmol/L AY9944处理的退化卵显著,卵母细胞成熟率显著下降.(2)成熟培养液添加20和40μmol/L AY9944处理的孤雌激活胚胎的囊胚形成率和2-细胞胚发育到囊胚的比率显著增加(P<0.05).(3)以对照组(0μmol/L AY9944)和20μmol/L AY9944处理的卵母细胞为胞质受体,发现20μmol/L AY9944处理的克隆胚的发育能力囊胚率和2-细胞胚发育到囊胚的比率有所提高,但无显著差异(P>0.05).以上结果表明,猪卵母细胞体外成熟过程中添加AY9944提高了猪卵母细胞体外成熟的胞质质量,胚胎的发育能力提高.     

卵母细胞老化对小鼠体细胞克隆胚发育的影响

就小鼠卵母细胞的卵龄对克隆胚的体外发育能力的影响进行了检测,以确定最佳的取卵时间,以及取卵后进行核移植操作的可耐受的时间。采用PMSG和hCG超排B6D2F1雌鼠。在体内老化实验中,分别于注射hCG后13,15,17,20h取卵用于核移植操作;在体外老化实验中,所有的卵均于注射hCG后13h取出并培养,然后在13,15,17,20h进行核移植操作。每个时间点的核移植操作在1h内完成,重构的胚胎培养1h后进行激活。结果显示:在体内老化实验中,注射hCG后13h取卵,获得的克隆囊胚发育率最高,为56.0%,15h取卵仍维持了其支持胚胎体外发育的能力,但17h及更长时间后取的卵,重构后的囊胚发育率显著下降(18.1%)。注射hCG后15h取的卵孤雌发育率最高(囊胚发育率为90.1%),并在17h仍维持较高的孤雌发育能力,在20h显著下降。在体外老化试验中,于注射hCG后13h取卵,分别于13,15,17h重构,都获得了较高的囊胚发育率(分别为57.7%,52.2%,46.3%),而在注射hCG后20h重构,囊胚发育率显著下降(14.8%)。体外老化的孤雌胚在注射hCG后22h激活时囊胚发育率显著下降。结果表明:卵母细胞在体内和体外老化都影响克隆胚的体外发育,最佳取卵时间为注射hCG后13h,取卵后立即用于重构可获得最佳囊胚发育率;体内、外老化卵支持重构胚较好发育的时间间隔是不同的,体内老化卵支持重构胚发育能力从注射hCG后17h开始下降,体外老化卵则发生在20h。这些结果可以指导操作,有利于在应用核移植进行其他基础研究时降低操作引起的误差。     

Clone of Chinese Jinan red-cross yellow cattle and evaluation of reproductive characteristics of cloned calf

Somatic cell clone technology is a viable approach to preserving endangered livestock and wildlife genetic resources. In the present research, somatic cell nuclear transfer （SCNT） was performed using granulose cells from the critical endangered Chinese red-cross yellow cattle as donor cells. A total of 211 oocytes were manipulated and 166 （79%） of them were successfully enucleated. 112 （67.4%） SCNT embryos were reconstructed, 94 （83%） of them cleaved, and 48 （43 %） of them developed to blastocyst stage. SCNT blastocysts were transferred to 6 Holstein recipients, and 2 （33%） of them were found to be pregnant. One of them maintained to term and delivered a calf, whereas another aborted. Effect of different fusion buffer （mannitol vs. Zimmerman fusion buffer） and different activation methods （calcium ionophore＋6-DMAP vs. cycloheximide＋CB） on fusion rate and development of SCNT embryos were investigated. The results indicated that： （i） on condition of two DC pulses of 2.5 kV/cm for 10 μs each, fusion rates were higher in mannitol solution than in Zimmerman fusion buffer （71% vs. 61%, respectively, p 〈 0.05）, but the blastocysts rates did not differ between two treatments （36 % vs. 39 %, p〉0.05 ）; （ii） There was no significant difference in development rates to the blastocyst stage for SCNT embryos activated by calcium ionophore＋6-DMAP or by cycloheximide＋CB （42% vs. 46%, respectively, p〉0.05）. Microsatellite DNA analysis examining 28 loci confirmed that the cloned calf was genetically identical to the donor Jinan red-cross yellow cattle and different from the recipient females. Growth and reproductive performance of cloned cow were evaluated, and there were no difference i cross-red n it between cloned and normal control Jinan yellow cattle. Furthermore, the cloned yellow cow has delivered a healthy yellow calf.     

Effects of different nuclear transfer and activation methods on the development of mouse somatic cell cloned embryos

A group of adult somatic cell cloned mice were obtained by using cumulus cells as nuclei donor cells. To study the effect of different nuclear transfer (NT) and activation methods on the development of mouse cloned embryos, embryos were reconstructed using two traditional NT methods (electrofusion and direct injection) and four activation treatments (electric pulse, ethanol, SrCl2 and electric pulse combined with SrCl2). The data showed that the efficiency of reconstruction using the direct injection method is significantly higher (90.7%) than that of the electrofusion method (49.7%). Parthenogenetic embryos can develop to blastocyst stage with three activation conditions, including ethanol, electric pulse and SrCl2; however, the rates of development to blastocyst after ethanol and electric pulse acti-vation (52.4%, 54.2%) are significantly lower than after SrCl2 activation (76.9%). Treatment of embryos for 6 h with 10 mmol/L SrCl2 was found to be the best condition for activation of parthenogenetic as well as reconstructed embryos. By contrast, reconstructed embryos failed to develop to blastocyst stage after being activated by ethanol. The use of either injection or electrofusion for embryo reconstruction affected the pre-implantation development. However, after transfer in pseudopregnant mice, cloned mice were obtained from both methods.     

Reconstruction of human embryos derived from somatic cells

Reconstruction of human nuclear transfer embryos is a necessary step of therapeutic cloning. In this study we injected somatic cell nuclei into M Ⅱ oocytes and activated reconstructed oocytes with calcium ionophore A23187 (CaA) and 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP). After oocyteactivation and 2PN formation, we removed the female PN.By using this method, we avoided the application of DNA fluorescent stain and ultraviolet light for oocyte enucleation,and over elimination of ooplasm was also mitigated. Some reconstructed embryos developed into the blastocyst stage in vitro.     

Production of transgenic blastocyst of sheep by somatic cell cloning

Five samples from primary cultures of five sheep ovarian granulosa cells were transfected by pEGFP- N1 DNA. Five transgenic positive cell lines, each from one of the five samples above, were used as donor nuclei for somatic nucleus transfer. A total of 352 in vitro matured and enucleated sheep oocytes were fused electrically with transgenic granulosa cells and 329 reconstructed embryos were obtained after activation by Ionomycin/6-DMAP, and these embryos were cultured in SOFaaBSA medium for 7 d. The result shows that 312 embryos (94.8%) had gone through cleavage and among them 63 (19.1%) had developed to the blastocyst stage. Expression of GFP gene was detected in various stages of early embryonic development by sampling randomly. Blastocyst rates given by the four cells treated with 0.5% FCS starvation was 19.6% (55/280) and it had not shown difference significantly (P＞0.05) with the result obtained with another cell line that had not gone through serum starvation (16.3%, 8/49). This experiment indicates that sheep transgenic embryos up to the blastocyst stage can be produced effectively by the combination of gene transfection in somatic cells in culture and somatic cell cloning.     

Effects of different nuclear recipients on developmental potential of mouse somatic nuclear transfer embryos

Somatic cell nuclear transfer has been succeeded in procedures of nuclear transfer. One is single nucleartransfer, the other is serial nuclear transfer. Viable animals have been cloned in different species using both me-thods[1—6]. Different nuclear recipients and donors wereused in serial nuclear transfer, namely, transferring thenuclear of reconstructed embryo into enucleated MⅡoocytes[7], transferring the nuclear of reconstructed em-bryos at one cell stage into enucleated zygote[4] and t…     

安徽歙县清凉峰自然保护区苔藓植物区系研究

本文旨在研究安徽县清凉峰苔藓植物区系。从1877份苔藓植物标本中,鉴定出417种（包括亚种、变种、变型）,隶属于62科,169属,并根据种的分布范围划出下列区系成分:1.欧亚—北美成分（97种,23.26％）;2.东亚—北美成分（9种,2.15％）;3.欧亚大陆成分（19种,4.56％）;4.东亚成分（179种,42.9％）;5.北半球广布成分（6种,1.43％）;6.中国特有成分（20种,4.79％）;7.新热带成分（9种,2.15％）;8.旧热带成分（63种,15.1％）。进而提出,清凉峰苔藓植物区系以东亚成分为主,区系组成表现为泛热带植物区系向北渗透过渡的复杂性。     

昆明小鼠未成熟卵母细胞OPS和SSV冷冻保存的比较

目的寻找昆明小鼠卵母细胞冷冻保存效率的新途径。方法选用5~6周龄雌性昆明小鼠的未成熟卵母细胞,在不同前处理液(10%EG或10%EG+10%DMSO)中平衡5 min,然后在冷冻液(EFS30、EFS40、EDFS30或EDFS40)中平衡30 s后进行OPS(Open pulled straw)法和SSV(Solid-surface vitrification)法玻璃化冷冻保存。结果小鼠未成熟卵母细胞的OPS法冷冻保存中,用EFS液冷冻的卵母细胞解冻后形态正常率最高为84.4%,成熟率低于16.7%;而在SSV法冷冻保存中,用EFS液冷冻的卵母细胞解冻后形态正常率最高为86.0%,成熟率为46.5%。OPS法和SSV法冷冻小鼠未成熟卵母细胞形态正常率为91.6%和91.4%,与对照组间差异较显著(P>0.01);成熟率为42.9%和59.1%,与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01)。结论多种抗冻保护剂组合使用效果好于单种抗冻保护剂;EDFS冷冻液冷冻保存效果好于EFS,尤其是EDFS30;OPS法可以有效地冷冻保存小鼠未成熟卵母细胞,且新型玻璃化冷冻法SSV法冷冻保存效果优于OPS法。     

Sources of cumulus expansion enabling factor (CEEF) in porcine follicles

It was shown that expansion of porcine cumulus did not depend on oocyte-secreted factor(s), and it is therefore presumed that porcine CEEF may not be produced exclusively by the oocyte. In this experiment, we used mouse oocytectomized complexes (OOX), which were incapable of CEEF production, to assess the secretion of CEEF by evacuated zona, oocytes of different quality and somatic cells in the porcine follicles. The results showed that: (ⅰ) Evacuated zonae from both porcine and mouse oocytes did not produce CEEF. (ⅱ) Porcine oocytes of A, B and C types from 3—6 mm follicles were not significantly different in both production and activity of CEEF. (ⅲ) Both porcine OOX from 3—6 mm follicles and granulose cells from < 1 mm follicles secreted CEEF in a large quantity, independent of gonadotropins; mural granulose cells from 3—6 mm follicles, however, produced neglectable amount of CEEF. (ⅳ) The follicular fluid from 3—6 mm porcine follicles contained CEEF activity that was concentration-dependent, and thus it enabled cumulus expansion in 60% mouse OOX when used at 10% of concentration, but the expansion rate of mouse OOX decreased to 9% when the concentration was increased to 50%. (ⅴ) Mouse OOX cultured in porcine CEEF-containing M199 expanded only in the presence of gonadotropins, suggesting that the activity of porcine CEEF is hormone-dependent.