白桦天然次生林种群生态特征的研究

采用样地调查的方法,对太岳山七里峪白桦林种群进行了年龄结构分析、编制了静态生命表、绘制了存活曲线,并对该种群的四个函数（生存函数、积累死亡函数、死亡密度函数、危险率函数）进行数量分析,结果表明：①七里峪白桦种群龄级分布,不同环境下种群结构稍有差异：种群A、种群D为增长型种群,种群B、种群C、种群E趋向于稳定型．②白桦种群存活曲线接近于DeeveyⅡ型．③积累死亡率单调上升,生存率呈单调下降,上升或下降幅度前期大于后期,说明白桦种群在前期死亡率高,而种群后期则相对稳定．④在未来20年、40年、60年和80年中,白桦种群将呈现老龄级株数先增后减的趋势,种群稳定性长期维持较为困难．     

乌金山油松种群年龄结构的调查

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,采用匀滑技术,研究调查乌金山国家森林公园油松种群的年龄结构.研究结果表明：（1）油松种群年龄结构表现为稳定型,但林下幼苗、幼树相对较少;（2）油松种群死亡率曲线变化出现两个高峰,一个出现在第5级、第6级、第8级龄级阶段,另一个出现在第12龄级阶段,存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型.     

湖北后河国家级自然保护区水丝梨种群结构

对湖北后河国家级自然保护区的水丝梨（Ｓｙｃｏｐｓｉｓ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｏｌｉｖｅｒ）种群结构和数量动态进行研究。水丝梨种群大小、高度级结构研究表明，幼苗、幼树数量严重不足， 中成树成高频分布，个体之间竞争激烈，整个种群表现为一不稳定的成熟类型。幼苗、幼树的低频分布将是影响种群稳定的限制性因素。对水丝梨种群的保护作者也进行了讨论。     

九寨沟自然保护区次生林物种多样性分析

以九寨沟次生林样地资料为基础,研究了九寨沟自然保护区次生林的物种多样性特征．结果表明：九寨沟次生植被恢复过程中,物种多样性先逐渐升高,然后又逐渐下降．从群落不同层次来看,落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林、次生针叶林的物种丰富度均表现为：草本层＞灌木层（包括幼树与幼苗）＞乔木层．各类群落乔木层的物种丰富度、Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数、ＳｈａｎｎｏｎＷｅｉｎｅｒ指数表现为针阔叶混交林＞落叶阔叶林＞次生针叶林     

四川冶勒自然保护区垂枝香柏年龄结构研究

调查分析了四川省冶勒自然保护区内垂枝香柏的年龄结构.编制了静态生命表；绘制了存活曲线、死亡率曲线和消失率曲线；并探讨了垂枝香柏的更新.结果表明：①该树种平均年龄较大，约为277年.②存活曲线处于Deevey-Ⅱ型和Deevey-Ⅲ型之间，死亡率与消失率变化趋势一致.种群生存率呈单调下降趋势，生存率下降趋势前期相对稳定，中期逐渐增大，后期又趋向于稳定，说明垂枝香柏种群相对稳定，并有一定的更新能力.③保护区内垂枝香柏整个生长期中，200年以前，死亡率变化相对平缓，200年以后，死亡率急剧上升，在320年～44     

江西三清山浙江楠种群结构与分布格局分析

以江西三清山浙江楠群落为调查对象,在野外样方调查获取资料基础上,对浙江楠种群径级、高度级、种群动态和种群分布格局进行分析.结果表明:浙江楠种群径级结构呈橄榄型;高度级结构呈金字塔型和年龄结构呈橄榄型,幼苗严重不足,具有逐步衰退的趋势;种群更新主要靠种子繁殖;种群的空间分布格局呈聚群分布;分布格局动态由幼苗、幼树的聚群分布向中树、大树的随机分布的扩散趋势.     

子午岭马栏林区油松种群结构分析

利用生存分析理论,编制了子午岭马栏林区油松种群的静态生命表,分析了油松的径级结构及其密度变化规律;绘制了存活曲线,累积死亡率曲线,死亡密度曲线,危险率曲线及损失度曲线.结果表明:油松的平均密度随径级的增加而减少,反映了密度与径级之间存在着一种负相关性;油松种群存活曲线的变化趋势更接近DeeveyⅡ型,死亡高峰出现在前期和后期阶段.     

花鼠种群生态学研究(Ⅲ)——种群数量动态

１９９４年３月－１０月以及１９９５年４月－１０月，在吕梁山南麓的山西省隰县，对花鼠（Ｅｕｔａｍｉａｓｓｉｂｉｒｉｃｕｓ）种群数量动态进行了逐月调查研究。结果表明，花鼠种群全年的数量高峰出现在８、９月份，经过越冬后数量下降。种群的数量季节消长主要是繁殖和死亡两因素相互作用的结果。繁殖后新个体加入种群，可使数量达到原有的两倍多。种群夏、秋季死亡率为６．９４％，冬、春季死亡率为４９．８０％。繁殖和死亡相互制约的结果使花鼠种群数量虽存在着明显的季节变化，但年度间却相对稳定。研究还表明，新个体的死亡率低于成年（包括老年）个体。     

陕西府谷杜松自然保护区杜松种群结构与生命表分析

为了阐明杜松（Juniperus rigida）种群的年龄结构和未来发展趋势,合理保护现有资源,编制了该种群的静态生命表,绘制了存活曲线和死亡率曲线,以及4种生存函数曲线.结果表明：杜松种群数量少,幼苗更新不良,属于衰退型种群.杜松种群的存活曲线属于左偏正态型,该种群的死亡率与消失率变化趋势基本一致.龄级Ⅰ与Ⅱ的值为负,在Ⅵ龄级达到最大.导致种群衰退的原因有种子萌发和幼苗生长困难和比较严重的人为干扰.应当提高种子的萌发率,人工培育幼苗,形成不同龄级的种群更新体系,减少人为干扰,以达到保护杜松的目的.4个生     

陕北黄土高原油松人工种群结实与更新

通过野外调查和室内试验,调查了陕北黄土高原半干旱、半湿润地区油松人工种群的结实特性、种子生活力、幼苗更新和生长状况等基本特征,分析影响油松人工种群生殖及更新的因素,确定了油松人工种群的天然更新边界.结果表明八个地区的油松都具有结实能力.对不同地区种子生活力和发芽率测定表明地区间差异不显著.由北向南,随年降水量的增加,油松球果长、宽、单果种子数、种子长、宽、千粒重逐渐增加.有活力种子的数量可以满足天然更新的需要.北部地区,种子落地后不能萌芽成苗,中南部地区种子落地后能萌芽成苗,但只有南部地区幼苗幼树生长良好,林下更新有效.影响油松人工种群更新的环境因素分析表明降水最是最主要限制因素.油松人工种群天然更新分界线应该在年降水量550 mm的等降水线左右.未来油松人工林培育应立足于降雨量大于550 mm的南部湿润半湿润地区,半干旱地区不宜再扩大油松人工林面积.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-