α-蒎烯水合反应动力学研究

以强酸性阳离子大孔交换树脂Lewatit2620为催化剂,催化α-蒎烯水合反应,获得主要产物α-松油醇.在催化反应中,部分α-蒎烯发生异构化反应,生成单环萜烯,影响松油醇的收率.在搅拌釜反应器内分别考察了催化剂种类、溶剂种类、催化剂用量、反应物配比、温度及反应时间对α-蒎烯转化率和α-松油醇收率的影响.结果表明,优化反应条件为:催化剂用量为每克总液体炉料使用催化剂0.20g,m(α-蒎烯)∶m(水)∶m(溶剂y)=1∶0.13∶2,反应温度333.15K,反应时间4h,此时α-蒎烯转化率为98%,松油醇的收率为36%.本文建立拟均相(PH)模型来研究α-蒎烯直接水合反应的动力学,并估算出动力学参数,通过模型得到的计算值与实验值是吻合的,故PH模型适用于α-蒎烯的直接水合反应.用准一级动力学模型确定了各反应的反应速率常数的表达式.     

α-蒎烯快速均相催化异构化研究

以磷钼酸为催化剂,α-蒎烯或松节油可在较低的温度下快速异构化为α-松油烯、柠檬烯、γ-松油烯、异松油烯.反应介质的极性对磷钼酸催化下的α-蒎烯异构化的反应活性和主产物选择性影响显著.在中等极性溶剂四氢呋喃中,研究了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对α-蒎烯均相异构反应的影响,得出了较合适的反应条件.     

莲雾香气成分分析

采用同时蒸馏萃取方法提取莲雾香气成分,经气相色谱-质谱联机分析,结果表明:莲雾的主要香气成分为3-蒈烯、2-乙基-1-己醇、石竹烯、异松油烯、松油醇、α-水芹烯、对伞花烃、4-蒈烯、α-蒎烯、己醛等.     

FCC废催化剂负载镍催化松节油加氢性能研究

以提升管催化裂化(FCC)废催化剂为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备负载型镍催化剂,并对其进行催化加氢性能的研究.利用FYX-2G型永磁旋转搅拌反应釜在温度383 K、压力2 MPa和搅拌转速260r/min条件下,考察了催化剂对松节油加氢反应活性及选择性的影响,应用GC-MS和GC技术对反应产物进行分析鉴定.结果表明,加氢反应1.5h的反应产物主要组分有顺、反-蒎烷、对伞花烃和未反应完全的蒎烯,产物中蒎烷顺反比为19.2∶1;以焙烧前后的FCC废催化剂为载体负载镍催化松节油加氢反应的蒎烯转化率分别为95.9％和98.2％,蒎烷顺反比分别为21.4∶1和21.1∶1;而以新鲜FCC催化剂为载体负载镍催化松节油加氢的蒎烯转化率为60.3％,蒎烷顺反比为24.7∶1;催化剂适宜制备条件:FCC废催化剂经723 K焙烧后负载镍,负载量为20％,焙烧及氢气还原温度为723 K,时间为3h.     

纳米固体超强酸S2O82-/ZrO2催化的β-蒎烯异构化反应

主要研究了纳米固体超强酸S2O8^2-/ZrO2催化的β-蒎烯异构化反应,实验结果表明,该催化剂具有很高的催化活性和选择性.异构化反应的主产物是莰烯,副产物主要是苧烯、蒈烯、三环烯、α-松油烯和对异丙基甲苯等.异构化反应的最佳条件是：反应温度70℃,反应时间4 h,催化剂用量为β-蒎烯质量的3%.在此最佳条件下,β-蒎烯转化率为100%,莰烯选择性为61.90%.     

MoO3/ZrO2催化合成乙酸异龙脑酯

采用自制固体超强酸MoO3/ZrO2为催化剂,通过改变投料比、催化剂焙烧温度和用量,以及反应温度和反应时间等条件,研究了莰烯与乙酸加成制备乙酸异龙脑酯的适宜工艺条件。结果表明:酯化反应适宜的工艺条件为:莰烯与乙酸摩尔比1∶1.5,反应温度80℃,反应时间8 h,催化剂焙烧温度为700℃,催化剂质量分数为4%。在上述条件下,乙酸异龙脑酯得率为74.7%。     

稀土固体超强酸SO^2—4／TiO2—La2O3催化的α—蒎烯异构化反应

稀土固体超强酸SO^2-4/TiO2-La2O3对α-蒎烯异构化反应具有很高的催化活性和较好的选择性,主产物为莰烯,副产物主要是双戊稀、三环烯和萜品油烯,考察了催化剂制备方法及处理催化剂所用的稀土离子La^3 浓度、催化剂焙烧温度、反应温度、反应时间及催化剂用量等因素对其催化性能的影响,得出最佳反应条件。     

莰烯合成甲基丙烯酸异冰片基氧乙基酯的研究

以莰烯、乙二醇、甲基丙烯酸甲酯为原料,经过醚化和酯交换反应合成了光固化涂料用活性稀释剂甲基丙烯酸异冰片基氧乙基酯(IBOEMA),采用GC-MS、IR等分析手段对合成产物的结构进行了分析测定.在莰烯与乙二醇的醚化过程中,以A-15作醚化催化剂,探讨了A-15用量、乙二醇与莰烯的物质量之比、反应温度、反应时间等对异冰片基羟乙基醚得率的影响.采用正交试验确定了异冰片基羟乙基醚的适宜合成条件:催化剂A-15的用量为6.0％,反应温度90℃,反应时间9h,乙二醇与莰烯的物质量之比为3.5∶1.0.在此条件下,莰烯转化率、反应选择性及产物得率分别达79％、93％和74％以上.在异冰片基羟乙基醚酯交换合成IBOEMA过程中,以环己烷为溶剂,反应在回流状态下进行,探讨了催化剂种类及用量、异冰片基羟乙基醚与甲基丙烯酸甲酯物质的量之比、反应时间、阻聚剂的种类和用量等对IBOEMA得率的影响.通过正交试验确定了异冰片基羟乙基醚与甲基丙烯酸甲酯酯交换反应的适宜工艺条件:以环己烷为溶剂进行回流反应,环己烷与异冰片基羟乙基醚物质的量之比为37∶1,甲基丙烯酸甲酯与异冰片基羟乙基醚的物质量之比为1.25∶1.00,催化剂KOH的用量为3％,反应时间8h,吩噻嗪用量为1％.在此条件下,异冰片基羟乙基醚的转化率、反应选择性及产物得率分别达91％、93％和85％以上.     

甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯的合成及性能研究

以莰烯和甲基丙烯酸为原料,采用直接加成酯化法合成甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯(IBOMA).分析了反应时间、反应温度、莰烯与甲基丙烯酸的物质的量之比、催化剂种类及用量、阻聚剂种类及用量等对产物得率和反应选择性的影响,并采用正交试验对反应条件进行了优化,确定了适宜的合成工艺条件:以10％的Amberlyst 15作催化剂、0.03％的吩噻嗪作阻聚剂、甲基丙烯酸与莰烯物质的量之比为1.3∶1、酯化温度为60℃、反应时间为8～9 h,在此工艺条件下,产物甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯的平均得率为80.2％,平均选择性为95.3％,酯含量大于99.2％.采用GC-MS、FT-IR等分析技术对产物性能进行了表征.     

烯丙基异冰片基醚绿色合成研究

以莰烯和烯丙醇为原料,研究了烯丙基异冰片基醚的绿色合成工艺,探讨了催化剂种类及用量、反应温度、反应时间,以及烯丙醇与莰烯物质的量之比对莰烯醚化反应选择性及烯丙基异冰片基醚产物得率的影响。采用正交试验方法确定了烯丙基异冰片基醚的最适工艺条件:A-15型阳离子树脂为催化剂,催化剂用量为烯丙醇和莰烯原料总质量的5%,烯丙醇与莰烯物质的量之比为1.5∶1,反应温度75℃,反应时间7 h。在此条件下工业莰烯转化率为85.5%,反应选择性为97.5%,烯丙基异冰片基醚得率为83.4%。最后采用GC-MS、IR等分析技术对合成所得产物的结构进行了分析测定。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.