喷雾油滴粒径对柴油机NOx生成浓度的影响

利用KIVA-Ⅱ程序模拟了柴油机的燃烧过程,计算了缸内燃油蒸发量、燃烧温度和有害物质NOx的生成浓度.计算结果表明,当油滴粒径较小时,缸内温度变化平缓,高温区主要集中在喷油嘴附近;在油滴粒径增加的过程中,缸内逐渐出现明显的不均匀燃烧现象,产生了局部高温区,另一方面,局部高温区空气卷入量的不同,从而导致NOx排放量随着油滴粒径的增加而出现先增后减的变化趋势.     

油气混合参数对柴油机低温燃烧过程的影响

应用三维CFD模拟研究了喷油和进气参数包括喷油压力、喷孔直径和进气压力对柴油机低氧浓度低温燃烧(LTC)过程的影响.结果表明:随着喷油压力增加或喷孔直径的减小,各氧浓度下缸内燃烧压力和温度峰值都增大;相同氧浓度条件下预混燃烧的强度增大,出现明显预混燃烧的氧浓度增大;相同氧浓度条件下的soot排放降低;缸内局部温度最大值增大,NOx排放增大.进气压力增大,缸内压力上升更快,但缸内平均温度略有降低,相同氧浓度下着火时刻提前,滞燃期缩短;燃烧过程中局部缺氧的状况得到改善,相同氧浓度条件下燃油的燃烧更加完全,放出的总热量更多,燃烧效率明显提高;soot峰值和最终排放值都减小,NOx生成量进一步降低.     

直喷式柴油机NOx排放特性的模拟计算研究

在油滴蒸发准维燃烧模型的基础上，考虑燃油喷雾、蒸发、空气卷吸及传热的影响，结合生成NOx的化学动力学机理，建立直喷式柴油机的燃烧及NOx计算模型。实测直喷式柴油机多种转速负荷特性的NOx排放，得出柴油机运行范围内的NOx排放特性，并与模拟计算结果进行对比分析，两者变化较吻合。柴油机在低速大负荷时由于最高燃烧压力较大，温度较高，燃气在高温下停留时间较长，NOx排放浓度较大。供油提前角增加时，着火始点提前，最高燃烧压力及温度增加，NOx排放浓度也增加。     

后喷对轻型柴油机燃烧过程及排放性能的影响

以某轻型柴油机为样机,研究了常用转速1600r.min -1、小负荷率工况下,后喷对柴油机NOx和soot排放特性、燃烧过程及油耗的影响规律.结果表明:后喷会使缸内温度在主燃烧末期再次提升;随着后喷油量增加,主燃烧段缸内压力、最高燃烧温度、平均燃烧温度及主燃烧放热率峰值逐渐降低;随着喷间隔角增加,主燃烧段缸内压力及烧放热率峰值略微上升,但缸内平均温度降低.在小负荷率工况,后喷可以同时有效降低NOx和soot排放,随着后喷油量增加,NOx和soot排放逐渐减少;随着后喷间隔角的增加NOx排放不断减少,soot排放呈现先减小后增加趋势;后喷会增加柴油机的燃油消耗,且随着后喷油量和后喷间隔角的增加,燃油消耗不断上升.     

船用柴油机实现低NOx燃烧的数值模拟

为研究“浅坑型”燃烧室缸内高温燃油的雾化与燃烧过程,建立了L23/30H柴油机的CFD计算模型,应用台架试验验证了计算模型的有效性,在提高燃油喷射温度的条件下模拟了缸内平均压力和温度的变化,对比分析了排放物的生成情况.结果表明:燃油喷射温度对L23/30H柴油机的动力性能影响不大,对NOx生成有显著影响,燃油喷射温度上升至413 K时,NOx生成速率减小,NOx最终生成量有量级上的减小,能满足MARPOL公约73/78附则Ⅵ修正案的排放规定,燃油喷射温度继续升高,NOx生成量变化甚微;燃油喷射温度的升高使得扩散燃烧过程中Soot的再氧化效应减小,最终Soot生成量有所升高.     

汽车加热器内燃烧的数值模拟

利用AVL公司开发的FIRE软件,对一典型结构蒸发混合式汽车加热器燃烧室内的燃烧过程进行了数值模拟.其中,蒸发和燃烧分别采用Wall Film模型、Coherent Flame模型,氮氧化物(NOx)采用Zeldovich不平衡原理建模,碳烟(Soot)模型为FIRE模型.计算结果及分析表明,一层进气孔布置对燃油蒸汽浓度分布影响很大.加大进气孔直径使进气中心涡流增强,燃油在一级燃烧室中蒸发量增加.主要燃烧发生在二级燃烧室.进气孔切向进气能形成较强的中心涡流,使燃烧高温区主要集中在二级燃烧室的纵向轴心附近.一级燃烧室的周向涡区和二级燃烧室上半部的高温区是Soot生成速率最大的部位;最高燃烧温度未达NOx的生成温度条件,其生成量极少.     

燃用二甲醚柴油机气道-气缸喷射复合燃烧

结合柴油机燃用二甲醚均质冲量压缩着火(HCCI)燃烧与缸内直喷燃烧各自优点,提出了气道-气缸喷射复合燃烧方式,并在一台柴油机上进行了试验研究.结果表明,燃烧过程包括二甲醚HCCI燃烧和缸内喷雾的预混及扩散燃烧,但随预混合率的不同呈现不同特征.随预混合率增加,在平均有效压力为0.12 MPa时,燃烧过程由两阶段发展到三阶段以至四阶段,再经三阶段回到两阶段,气缸压力、温度峰值先减后增,NOx排放单调减小;平均有效压力为0.24 MPa,压力、温度、压力升高率和压力升高加速度峰值以及NOx排放均先减后增;平均有效压力增为0.36 MPa时,最低和最高预混合率分别受到喷油泵供油能力和爆震限制,在能实现的预混合率范围内,压力、温度峰值和NOx排放随预混合率增加而单调增加.     

二甲基醚发动机HCCI燃烧与排放的计算

构建了可应用于均质充量压燃（HCCI）发动机的二甲基醚（DME）详细化学反应动力学M燃烧模型，该模型包含97种物种和457个基元反应．拓展M模型的应用范围，分析了DME发动机HCCI条件下关键基元反应和重要物种随曲轴转角的变化关系，获得了DME氧化反应的主要历程．研究了NOx的生成机理，结果表明NOx排放中NO生成量达到最大值后出现“冻结”现象，NO2与N2O最终排放浓度极少且受缸内温度影响不大．随着缸内温度的增加，NOx排放中NO所占比例逐渐增加．基于化学反应速率及敏感度分析，得到了DME发动机HCCI燃烧的NO排放主要受扩大Zeldovich机理和N2O途径控制．     

缸内直喷LNG发动机工作过程的数值模拟

以一台4气门车用汽油机改装的缸内直喷LNG发动机为研究对象,应用STAR-CD软件建立了缸内直喷LNG发动机工作过程的计算模型,对其工作过程进行了数值模拟,并分析了缸内直喷LNG发动机工作过程中缸内流场的动态特性及其温度场、压力场的变化.结果表明,在进气过程,进气道和气缸内会出现强烈的湍流运动;随着进气过程的持续,缸内压力会变得均匀;燃烧过程中,气缸内局部会出现温度过高.     

生物柴油燃烧过程NO_x生成机理的分析

为了研究生物柴油燃烧过程NOx形成机理,进行了柴油机燃用生物柴油和石化柴油的对比试验,并基于实测的缸内压力示功图计算了燃烧放热规律.以实际的瞬时放热率并结合燃料燃烧的化学平衡分析,建立了基于Zeldovich机理的NO生成模型.从放热时刻、燃烧温度、含氧量等燃烧特征参数分析了对NO形成的影响,对柴油机燃用生物柴油产生较多NOx排放作出了解释.结果表明:尽管柴油机燃用生物柴油的缸内平均温度有所降低,但由于柴油机燃用生物柴油的着火时刻较早,较早地达到了NO生成的触发温度,此外生物柴油属于含氧燃料,燃烧区域的氧浓度高,这两者的贡献使得生物柴油发动机产生的NOx排放比柴油发动机多.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.