Sequence and analysis of rice chromosome 4

Rice is the principal food for over half of the population of the world. With its genome size of 430 megabase pairs (Mb), the cultivated rice species Oryza sativa is a model plant for genome research. Here we report the sequence analysis of chromosome 4 of O. sativa, one of the first two rice chromosomes to be sequenced completely. The finished sequence spans 34.6 Mb and represents 97.3% of the chromosome. In addition, we report the longest known sequence for a plant centromere, a completely sequenced contig of 1.16 Mb corresponding to the centromeric region of chromosome 4. We predict 4,658 protein coding genes and 70 transfer RNA genes. A total of 1,681 predicted genes match available unique rice expressed sequence tags. Transposable elements have a pronounced bias towards the euchromatic regions, indicating a close correlation of their distributions to genes along the chromosome. Comparative genome analysis between cultivated rice subspecies shows that there is an overall syntenic relationship between the chromosomes and divergence at the level of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions and deletions. By contrast, there is little conservation in gene order between rice and Arabidopsis.     

Isolation and identification of the three rice monotelosomics

In order to obtain rice monotelosomic, the progeny of 24 telotrisomics, derived from an indica rice variety, Zhongxian 3037, were screened. The variants that differed morphologically from the diploids and the original primary trisomics as well as the telotrisomics were collected for cytological identification. The variants with 24 chromosomes were selected according to the prometaphase chromosomes. From these variants, three monotelosomies with one chromosome arm deletion in each were verified by fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） using a rice centromeric BAC clone of 17p22 as a marker probe. The three monotelosomics were derived from telotrisomic 1S, 4L and 11L, respectively. Further identification was conducted on the prometaphase or pachytene chromosomes of the three variants, which were probed with the same centromeric BAC clone together with the corresponding chromosome arm specific makers, a0059H02 （on the short arm of chromosome 1）, a0034E24 （on the long arm of chromosome 4）, and a0071H11 （on the long arm of chromosome 11）. The results indicated that the telocentric chromosomes in the three monotelosom. ics were derived from their respective corresponding telotrisomics. According to the telocentric chromosomes of the variants, they were monotelosomic 1S （one long arm of chromosome 1 was lost）, monotelosomic 4L （one short arm of chromosome 4 was lost） and monotelosomic 11L （one short arm of chromosome 11 was lost）, respectively.     

草绿异色蝗的染色体C-带核型

报道了珍稀昆虫草绿异色蝗ＤｉｍｅｒａｃｒｉｓｐｒａｓｉｎａＮｉｕｅｔＺｈｅｎｇ）的染色体Ｃ－带核型．该种蝗虫（副模１）的核型为２ｎ＝２２＋ＸＯ，，全部染色体为端部着丝粒染色体，Ｃ带主要分布在着丝粒区，３号染色体具有端带，５号染色体Ｃ带带纹非常丰富     

印度黄脊蝗核型和C－带的研究

本文研究了印度黄脊蝗（ｐａｔａｎｇａＳｕｃｃｉｎｃｔａＪｏｈａｎｓｓｏｎ）的染色体组型和Ｃ－带。结果表明：印度黄脊蝗的染色体数目：２ｎ（）＝２２＋ｘ０＝２３,全部为端着丝粒染色体,ＮＦ＝２３;核型公式：２ｎ（）＝２ｘ＝２３ｔ;中期染色体绝对长度总和为７１．４７±０．６３μｍ;所有染色体都具有着丝粒Ｃ－带,异染色质总量为１８．７６±０．１１％;染色体组中最长与最短染色体之比为４．４：１,臂比大于２：１的染色体比例为零,印度黄脊蝗的核型属“ＩＣ”核型。     

Physical location of riceGm-6, Pi-5(t) genes inO. officinalis with BAC-FISH

A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) procedure was adopted to physically map two rice BAC clones 24E21 and 4F22 linked to Gm-6 and Pi-5(t) in O. offi-cinalis. FISH results showed that the two BAC clones were located at 4L. The percentage distance from the centromere to the hybridization sites was 72 + 2.62 for 24E21 and 54+ 5.43 for 4F22, the detection rates were 52.70% and 61.2%. The results obtained from the BAC and plasmid clones, RG214 and RZ565 of cultivated rice and O. officinalis were the same. This suggested that the markers, RG214 and RZ565 of cultivated rice and O. officinalis were in the same BAC clones. The homologous sequences of Gm-6 and Pi-5(t) in O. officinalis were positions that signals existed on the 4L. Many signals were observed when no Cot-1 DNA blocked. This also showed that repetitive sequences were some ho-molgous between cultivated rice and O. officinalis. The identification of chromosome 4 of O. officinalis is based on Jena et al. (1994). In our study, we discussed the possibility of physical map in O. officinalis with rice BAC clones.     

秉氏环毛蚓(Pheretima pingi Stephenson)雄性生殖细胞减数分裂

以秉氏环毛蚓雄性生殖细胞为实验材料,通过石蜡连续切片方法,对雄性生殖细胞的减数分裂进行了初步研究,并分折了雄性生殖细胞在精巢囊、贮精囊中从形成到成熟的过程。进一步了解秉氏环毛蚓的染色体数2n=8。这为促进蚯蚓生物学研究、人工养殖和综合利用,以及蚯蚓的远缘杂交和育种选种提供理论依据。     

牡丹的核型研究

作者对牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr)的三个裁培品种的核型进行了研究,观察到染色体数目2n=10。在5对染色体中,有3对具随体。     

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of Triticum aestivum-Leymus racemosus reciprocal chromosomal translocation T7DS·5LrL/T5LrS·7DL

In order to induce chromosome translocation between wheat chromosomes and chromosome 5Lr of Leymus racemosus, the mi- crosporocytes during meiosis of T. aestivum-L. racemosus disomic addition line DA5Lr were irradiated by 60Co γ-rays 800 R (100 R/min). Before flowering, the treated spikes were emasculated and bagged. After 2-3 d, the emasculated flowerets were pollinated using pollens from T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring. One plant with two translocation chromosomes involved in both the long and short arm of...     

长期继代小麦培养细胞的染色体结构变异特征

本文对继代培养12．5年的普通小麦济南177愈伤组织染色体的结构变异进行了研究，并与继代时间为1．5－8．6年的进行比较，发现其染色体结构变异的类型发生了改变，除了原有的少数染色体断片和双着丝粒染色体以外，较高频率地出现了近端着丝粒染色体和端着丝粒染色体，分布频率分别为91．11％和84．44％。同工酶和RAPD分析表明，不同继代时期的培养细胞基因的组成和表达存在差异。     

The centromere geometry essential for keeping mitosis error free is controlled by spindle forces

Accurate segregation of chromosomes, essential for the stability of the genome, depends on 'bi-orientation'-simultaneous attachment of each individual chromosome to both poles of the mitotic spindle. On bi-oriented chromosomes, kinetochores (macromolecular complexes that attach the chromosome to the spindle) reside on the opposite sides of the chromosome's centromere. In contrast, sister kinetochores shift towards one side of the centromere on 'syntelic' chromosomes that erroneously attach to one spindle pole with both sister kinetochores. Syntelic attachments often arise during spindle assembly and must be corrected to prevent chromosome loss. It is assumed that restoration of proper centromere architecture occurs automatically owing to elastic properties of the centromere. Here we test this assumption by combining laser microsurgery and chemical biology assays in cultured mammalian cells. We find that kinetochores of syntelic chromosomes remain juxtaposed on detachment from spindle microtubules. These findings reveal that correction of syntelic attachments involves an extra step that has previously been overlooked: external forces must be applied to move sister kinetochores to the opposite sides of the centromere. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the shape of the centromere is important for spindle assembly, because bipolar spindles do not form in cells lacking centrosomes when multiple chromosomes with juxtaposed kinetochores are present. Thus, proper architecture of the centromere makes an important contribution to achieving high fidelity of chromosome segregation.     

川芎染色体制作及核型研究

本文对川芎的染色体制作方法进行了新的研究,并就川芎的染色体核型进行了分析,其结果显示:川芎的细胞染色体数为2n=22,其中中部着丝点染色体(m)为8对,近中部着丝点染色体(sm)为2对,近端部着丝点染色体(st)为1对,其核型公式为K(2n)=11X=22=16m+4sm+2st(SAT)     

Sequence and analysis of chromosome 5 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana

The genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has been sequenced by an international collaboration, The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. Here we report the complete sequence of chromosome 5. This chromosome is 26 megabases long; it is the second largest Arabidopsis chromosome and represents 21% of the sequenced regions of the genome. The sequence of chromosomes 2 and 4 have been reported previously and that of chromosomes 1 and 3, together with an analysis of the complete genome sequence, are reported in this issue. Analysis of the sequence of chromosome 5 yields further insights into centromere structure and the sequence determinants of heterochromatin condensation. The 5,874 genes encoded on chromosome 5 reveal several new functions in plants, and the patterns of gene organization provide insights into the mechanisms and extent of genome evolution in plants.     

Sequence and analysis of chromosome 2 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) is unique among plant model organisms in having a small genome (130-140 Mb), excellent physical and genetic maps, and little repetitive DNA. Here we report the sequence of chromosome 2 from the Columbia ecotype in two gap-free assemblies (contigs) of 3.6 and 16 megabases (Mb). The latter represents the longest published stretch of uninterrupted DNA sequence assembled from any organism to date. Chromosome 2 represents 15% of the genome and encodes 4,037 genes, 49% of which have no predicted function. Roughly 250 tandem gene duplications were found in addition to large-scale duplications of about 0.5 and 4.5 Mb between chromosomes 2 and 1 and between chromosomes 2 and 4, respectively. Sequencing of nearly 2 Mb within the genetically defined centromere revealed a low density of recognizable genes, and a high density and diverse range of vestigial and presumably inactive mobile elements. More unexpected is what appears to be a recent insertion of a continuous stretch of 75% of the mitochondrial genome into chromosome 2.     

In vitro centromere and kinetochore assembly on defined chromatin templates

During cell division, chromosomes are segregated to nascent daughter cells by attaching to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle through the kinetochore. Kinetochores are assembled on a specialized chromatin domain called the centromere, which is characterized by the replacement of nucleosomal histone H3 with the histone H3 variant centromere protein A (CENP-A). CENP-A is essential for centromere and kinetochore formation in all eukaryotes but it is unknown how CENP-A chromatin directs centromere and kinetochore assembly. Here we generate synthetic CENP-A chromatin that recapitulates essential steps of centromere and kinetochore assembly in vitro. We show that reconstituted CENP-A chromatin when added to cell-free extracts is sufficient for the assembly of centromere and kinetochore proteins, microtubule binding and stabilization, and mitotic checkpoint function. Using chromatin assembled from histone H3/CENP-A chimaeras, we demonstrate that the conserved carboxy terminus of CENP-A is necessary and sufficient for centromere and kinetochore protein recruitment and function but that the CENP-A targeting domain--required for new CENP-A histone assembly--is not. These data show that two of the primary requirements for accurate chromosome segregation, the assembly of the kinetochore and the propagation of CENP-A chromatin, are specified by different elements in the CENP-A histone. Our unique cell-free system enables complete control and manipulation of the chromatin substrate and thus presents a powerful tool to study centromere and kinetochore assembly.     

Ipi-t,Ipi-3(t)在水稻中的物理定位及水稻第12染色体的识别

选用与水稻12染色体上Ipi-t,Ipi-3(t)和Pi-4(t)及着丝粒连锁的RFLP标记RZ670对水稻进行了荧光原位杂交。清楚显示了第12染色体着丝粒所在的位置,为水稻染色体的准确识别提供了一种新的方法。     

贵阳地区蝗虫的染色体研究

本文报道了贵阳地区５科１６属２０种蝗虫的染色体研究结果：２０种蝗虫中除锥头蝗科２种负蝗的染色体数目为２ｎ（）＝１８＋ＸＯ＝１９外，其余都是２ｎ（）＝２２＋ＸＯ＝２３，但所有染色体都是端着丝粒染色体，都具有着丝粒Ｃ－带；所不同的是染色体长度，核型类型，Ｃ－带带纹及其总长度与染色体组长度的比值％等     

Development of Triticum aestivum-Leymus racemosus ditelosomic substitution line 7Lr#1S（7A） with resistance to wheat scab and its meiotic behavior analysis

Leymus racemosus is highly resistant to wheat scab （Fusarum head bright）. The transfer of scab resistant gene from L. racemosus to Triticum aestivum is of great significance for broadening the base of wheat resistance. In the present study, the pollen of T. aestivum-L, racemosus monosomic addition line with scab resistance was treated by irradiation with 1200 R ^60Co-γ-rays prior to pollinating to emasculated wheat cv. Mianyang 85-45. Nine plants with a telocentric chromosome 7Lr#1S were observed in M1, and one ditelosomic substitution line 7Lr#1S was selected from selfcrossing progenies and confirmed by chromosome C-banding and GISH. Furthermore, a co-dominant EST-SSR marker CINAU 31 was employed to identify this substitution line. A pair of chromosome 7A of common wheat were found to be replaced by a pair of telocentric chromosome 7Lr#1S, and further investigation showed that chromosome configuration of the substitution line at MI of PMCs after GISH was 17.50Ⅱ^w ＋ 2.19Ⅱ^w ＋ 0.42Ⅱ^7Lr#1S ＋ 1.08 Ⅰ^7Lr#1S ＋ 0.69 Ⅰ^w. Two telocentric chromosomes paired as a bivalent in 59.7% of PMCs. Abnormal chromosome behaviors of telocentric chromosomes were observed in part of PMCs at anaphase I and telophase I, including the moving of two telocentric chromosomes to the same pole, lagging and earlier separation of their sister chromatid. All these abnormal behaviors can be grouped into three distinct types of tetrads according to different numbers of 7Lr#1S in their daughter cells and various micronucleus in some tetrads. However, due to the high transmission frequency of the female and male gametes with a 7Lr#1S, 84% of the selfcrossing progeny plants had ditelosomic substitution. The substitution line showed high resistance to wheat scab in a successive two-year test both in the greenhouse and field; hence, the line will be particularly valuable for alien gene mapping, small fragment translocation induction and telosomic cytological behavior analysis.     

六倍体莜麦染色体的核型分析

对莜麦染色体的核型进行了分析，结果表明其染色体数为42．为六倍体．包括11对中部着丝粒染色体，9对近中部着丝粒染色体和1对近端着丝粒染色体，其中有3对染色体带有随体．核型公式为2n=6x=42=22m 18sm(4SAT) 2st(2SAT)．     

三种国外冷杉的核型研究

首次报道了３种国外冷杉的核型。ＡｂｉｅｓｃｅｐｈａｌｏｎｉｃａＬｏｕｄ。有９对中部着丝粒和３对近中着丝粒染色体,Ａ．ｎｕｍｉｄｉｃａＤｅＬａｎｎｏｎｅｘＣａｒｒ．文中还讨论了３种冷杉及其氯不组的进化地位。     

珠江野生草鱼、赤眼鳟的核型、银染和 C 带比较研究

以珠江大学城江段草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）、赤眼鳟（Squaliobarbus curriculus）的肾细胞为实验材料,采用胸腔注射植物血球凝集素（PHA）、秋水仙素,低渗处理,空气干燥法制备染色体标本,分析其染色体的核型、银柒（Ag—NORs）和（：带．结果表明：①草鱼和赤眼鳟的染色体数目均为2n=48,草鱼核型公式和臂数分别为2n=22m＋24sm＋2st,NF=94,赤眼鳟的核型公式和臂数分别为2n=24m＋22sm＋2st,NF=94;均没有发现随体、次缢痕以及异型性染色体;②在草鱼和赤眼鳟的中期分裂相中,Ag—NORs均出现在染色体短臂的末端,且Ag—NORs的数目为4个的比例最大,但所处的位置有所不同;③草鱼和赤眼鳟的大多数染色体的着丝粒区域都有深浅不一的C带,但赤眼鳟的染色体中除了出现有着丝粒C带外,还有端部C带,而草鱼仅见着丝粒C带．