燕雀Fringilla montifringilla发声控制核团体积的性双态性研究

对鸣禽燕雀前脑、中脑和延髓的四个发声控制核团进行了测量。结果发现：前脑ＨＶ＿ｃ，ＲＡ核团的体积存在着明显的性别差异，雄鸟核团均大于雌鸟。中脑ＩＣ＿ｏ核与延髓的ＩＭ核无明显性双态性。这表明，造成燕雀鸣啭能力的性别差异主要是由前脑高位中枢的性双态所决定的。     

虎皮鹦鹉发声控制神经核团与鸣叫行为的性双态性研究

本文应用石蜡切片的方法，对成年虎皮鹦鹉的前脑发声控制神经核团：上纹状体腹侧尾核（Hyperstriatum ventrale pars Canssle,HVC)。古纹状体粗核（Nucleus robustus archistriaylis,RA)和嗅叶X区（Area X)进行了观察和比较；并采用计算机鸣声分析技术对虎皮鹦鹉的鸣声进行了分析。结果发现：雄鸟的三个发声控制神经核团体积明显大于雌鸟的三个发声控制神经核团体积。雄鸟的叫声明显比雌鸟的叫声复杂多变。这些结果提示虎皮鹦鹉的发声控制神经核团与鸣叫行为都存在着性双态性。     

栗鹀前脑发声控制核团体积的性别差异

栗鹀属于鸣禽类的一种,是东北常见的鸟类之一。本文对鸣禽栗鹀前脑发声核制核团HVc与RA进行了测量,并加以比较。结果表明,前脑HVc与RA核团体积存在着明显的性别差异。雄鸟的核团体积均大于雌鸟(P<0.05)。这表明造成栗鹀鸣啭能力的性别差异是由其神经结构的形态不同造成的。     

断鸣管神经支对白腰文鸟鸣声的影响

为探究鸣管神经支（NXⅡts）对发声控制的作用以及验证鸣禽发声的侧别优势和性别差异,以成年白腰文鸟为实验材料,记录其正常鸣声及切断鸣管神经支后的鸣声.用Cool Edit Pro和Wavesurfer 等声音处理和分析软件,比较和分析雄鸟和雌鸟、断单侧和双侧鸣管神经前后声学特征的差异.结果表明,成年白腰文鸟的NXⅡts可单侧支配鸣肌,切断左侧NXⅡts将导致声音严重受损,而断右侧则影响不大,表明具有左侧优势.两侧NXⅡts既相互协调又各有侧重,左侧产生较高频率的声音,而右侧则有较高的熵值,使得音节稳定性和调频一致性增强.雄鸟左侧NXⅡts控制较高的音量和较长的音节,而雌鸟的音量和音节时长两侧均可以独立调节.断双侧神经对音量、音调和音色都产生明显影响.     

雄激素对成年雌性斑胸草雀鸣唱核团体积的影响

斑胸草雀是一种研究鸣禽发声学习的模式动物,其鸣唱核团体积具有明显的性别差异,主要与体内雄激素水平的差异有关.以成年雌性斑胸草雀为研究对象,通过埋植睾酮,人为提高雌鸟体内雄激素水平,利用冰冻切片技术,结合尼氏染色法观察埋植前后HVC(high vocal center)、RA(robust nucleus of the arcopallium)核团体积的变化.实验分为雌鸟埋植组、正常雌鸟组与正常雄鸟组.实验结果表明:正常雄鸟的RA、HVC核团体积均显著大于正常雌鸟;雌鸟埋植睾酮后,RA核团体积显著增加,神经元数目未发生明显改变,HVC核团体积显著增加,神经元数目显著增加.综上,埋植睾酮后能使HVC、RA核团体积趋于雄性化.     

鸣禽前脑鸣啭控制核团内胆碱能神经元的分布

高级发声中枢（HVC）和古纹状体粗核（RA）是位于鸣禽前脑的两个主要鸣啭控制核团，以中国北方地区常见的两种鸣禽栗鹂（Emberiza rutila)和燕雀（Fingilla montifringilla）为材料，应用免疫组化方法，对两种鸣禽HVC和RA内胆碱能神经元的胞体大小和密度进行了观察、发现ChAT样免疫反应具有性别差异。这一结果提示胆碱能神经元可能在鸣啭的产生和学习过程中发挥着重要的作用。     

鸣禽鸣啭控制核团内GABA能神经元的分布研究

应用免疫组化方法对鸣禽粟鹀(Emberiza rutila)鸣啭控制核团内GABA能神经元的分布进行了研究，在高级发声中枢(HVC，high vocal center)，古纹状体粗核(RA，the robust nucleus of the archistrialum)，X区(Arca X)3个前脑核团内有GABA样免疫反应出现．HVC和RA中GABA能神经元胞体大小存在性别和季节间的差异．结果提示GABA能神经元可能参与了鸣禽鸣啭的产生和鸣啭学习。     

成年斑胸草雀HVCX神经元电生理特性的侧别和性别差异

以成年斑胸草雀为实验对象,利用膜片钳电生理技术观察高级发声中枢HVC(higher vocal center)中HVC_X神经元的电生理活动特性,以期探究成年雌雄斑胸草雀HVC_X神经元是否存在侧别差异和性别差异.对成年雌雄斑胸草雀左右脑HVC_X神经元给予5ms、300pA和500ms、100pA的刺激以诱发动作电位,并对其电生理特性指标进行统计分析.结果显示:雌鸟左右脑HVC_X神经元电生理特性无侧别差异,而雄鸟右脑的动作电位潜伏期和后超极化达峰值时间显著低于左脑,且发放频率高于左脑;雌雄鸟左脑HVC_X神经元电生理特性并无显著性差异;雄鸟右脑的动作电位潜伏期和后超极化达峰值时间均显著低于雌鸟右脑,其中,后超极化达峰值时间达到极显著差异,且雄鸟右脑的发放频率显著高于雌鸟右脑.结论为雄鸟右侧HVC_X神经元的兴奋性强于左脑,具有右侧优势.雌雄右侧HVC_X神经元电生理特性存在性别差异.     

白腰文鸟古纹状体粗核神经纤维联系的研究

本实验采用辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)顺逆行追踪法,对白腰文鸟的古纹状体粗核(RA)的纤维联系进行了研究,实验表明:端脑内发声控制的主要运动神经核团——古纹状体粗核(RA)除了与发声控制神经核团有纤维联系之外,还与其他神经核团有纤维联系.     

秋季黄胸巫鸟发声相关核团体积的雌雄差异

利用组织方法及微机处理技术测量了秋季成年雌、雄鸣禽黄胸巫鸟（ Ｅｍ ｂｅｒｉｚａ ａｕｒｅｏｌａ）发声相关核团 Ｈ Ｖｃ、 Ｒ Ａ、 Ｘ 区、ｎⅩⅡｔｓ 以及与发声无关的核团（ Ｓｐ Ｍ）的体积．结果表明：前脑的发声相关核团 Ｈ Ｖｃ、 Ｒ Ａ 及 Ｘ区具有明显的雌雄差异,而延髓的ｎⅩⅡｔｓ 以及与发声无关的核团 Ｓｐ Ｍ 则差异不明显     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…