源头提质的可燃固体废物流化床气化实验

采用流化床对源头提质的可燃固体废物进行气化实验研究,研究反应温度和空气当量比(ER)对燃气组分变化和气化反应特性的影响。研究结果表明:随着气化温度升高,H2和CO体积分数也随之升高,而CO2和CH4体积分数随着气化温度升高而降低;随着空气当量比增大,CO2体积分数也随之增加,而H2和CH4体积分数随着空气当量比增大而减少;气化气可燃成分中的CO体积分数最高,H2和CH4体积分数次之;气化气低位热值随着气化温度升高和空气当量比增大而降低,而气化效率随着气化温度升高和空气当量比增大而降低;气化气产率随着温度升高而增大,随着空气当量比增大而增大。典型组分气化的最优工况如下:空气当量比为0.4,温度为700℃。     

煤的水蒸气等离子体气化初步研究

煤的水蒸气等离子体气化技术是一种生产合成气的洁净煤技术,具有潜在的应用前景,其技术核心部分是电弧等离子体反应器．以水蒸气为气化介质、空气为输送介质,对煤在电弧等离子体中的气化行为进行了研究;所用等离子体反应器由石墨管阳极和石墨棒阴极构成;反应器内的等离子体通过外置线圈产生的磁场进行约束和控制．结果表明：合成气中有效气体(H2 CO)的体积分数随着磁场线圈电流的增大或者等离子体反应器输入功率的增加而提高,产品气体中H2 CO的体积分数可达到75％．而CO2的体积分数始终低于3％,在产品气体中未检测到甲烷．     

煤与生物质共超临界水催化气化制氢的实验研究

在压力为20～25MPa、停留时间为15～30s、：NaOH添加量(质量分数)为0．1％、反应器外壁温度为650℃的条件下，对煤与生物质的模型化合物羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)在超临界水环境中的催化气化制氢性能进行了研究，探讨了物料浓度、压力以及停留时间对煤与CMC共气化制氢的影响．实验结果表明：煤与CMC二共超临界水催化气化制氢的主要气体产物是H2、CO2和CH4，H2的体积分数可高达60％以上；增加物料浓度、升高压力有利于提高产氢率，但延长停留时间不利于氢气的制取．     

林业废弃物氧气-水蒸气气化的Aspen Plus模拟

基于Aspen Plus软件对林业废弃物氧气-水蒸气气化进行模拟计算,并对比模拟结果与试验结果以验证模型的可靠性,研究了气化温度、气化压力、当量比及水蒸气与废弃物的质量配比(S/F)对气化特性的影响.结果表明:随着温度升高气体产物中H2和CO含量增加,同时气化效率也相应增加,800℃时气化效率达到最高值为87.38%;压力增大时气体产物中H2,CO含量减少,但干气体产物的CH4含量及气体热值迅速增大;气化的最佳当量比约为0.22,过高或过低均会导致可燃组分和气化效率的下降;S/F增大时,气体产物中CO2,H2含量增多,CO含量减少,当S/F≥0.5时气化效率达到最大值并保持不变.     

煤及生物质共超临界水气化过程中的协同效应

在自行研制的连续管流式煤及生物质共超临界水气化制氢装置上，对甘肃华亭烟煤、羧甲基纤维素钠（生物质模型化合物）及其两者的混合物在反应器壁温650℃、系统压力25MPa、停留时间30s、NaOH质量分数为0．19，6的条件下进行了实验研究．实验表明：气体产物主要由H2、CO2和CH4组成，其中H2的体积分数可高达60％以上；气体产物中未检测到N和S，含N和S的污染物以液相排除，极大地减少了大气污染．研究发现煤与羧甲基纤维素钠共超临界水气化过程中在产氢率和气化率上出现了明显的协同效应，进一步提出协同效应主要由超临界水中的自由基反应引起．结果表明，煤及生物质共超临界水气化制氢是一种富有前景的洁净能源转化新技术．     

块状长焰煤高温蒸气热解的试验研究

应用太原理工大学高温蒸气热解试验系统,以高温过热水蒸气为热源介质对块状长焰煤进行加热,针对热解的产气规律、产气性质等热解特性做了实验研究.得出了块状长焰煤在受热过程中的产气量具有温度阶段性,450℃到500℃是热解气体产气的最佳温度段;对于产气性质而言,CO2的体积分数相对比较高,且随着温度的升高体积分数变化不大;CH4,CO的体积分数随着温度升高而下降;H2的体积分数随着温度升高持续增加,它对热解气体的热值贡献最大;两个碳原子以上的烃类气体体积分数很少;从4个取样点所取样品计算出的热值看,525℃的气样热值可达到水煤气的热值水平,425℃时气样热值可达到焦炉煤气的热值水平.     

生物质在超临界水流化床系统中部分氧化气化制氢

从理论的角度对超临界水部分氧化过程进行分析,利用已建立的热力学模型计算了反应过程的化学平衡.热力学研究表明:随着氧化剂当量的增加,H2、CH4、CO的平衡产量减少,CO2的平衡产量增加,而且H2的体积分数也随之减少.在实验室新研制的超临界水流化床系统中,研究了生物质模型化合物(葡萄糖)以及原生生物质(玉米芯)的部分氧化气化制氢.实验结果表明:氧化剂的加入大大提高了生物质的气化率,但降低了气体产物中H2的体积分数;在质量分数为10%的葡萄糖部分氧化气化过程中.当氧化剂(H2O2)当量为0.2(质量分数为4.53%)时,H2的绝对产量达到了最大值.     

煤与生物质流化床水蒸气共气化

采用单一流化床二步气化方法,以煤作为热载体与发热体,水蒸气作为气化剂,在流化床试验装置上进行生物质(稻壳和木屑)气化的试验研究,考察反应温度(t)、水蒸气与生物质的质量比对燃气组分、氢产率和潜在氢产率的影响。实验结果表明,随着反应温度的升高,H2浓度、氢产率和潜在氢产率都不断增加,而H2与CO体积比逐渐减小;随着水蒸气与生物质的质量比的增大,H2浓度、H2与CO体积比、氢产率和潜在氢产率均不断增加,而CO与CO2体积比呈减小趋势。生产氢的最佳条件:t=1 025℃、水蒸气与生物质质量比为2。在最佳条件下,进一步研究了生物质种类对氢产率的影响。木屑气化制氢优于稻壳气化制氢,木屑气化所获得的氢产率(61.7g H2/kg)约为稻壳气化所获得氢产率(53.4 g H2/kg)的1.2倍。     

高热值生物质燃气气化炉的数值模拟

研究了以干木质颗粒作为燃料,以空气—水蒸气作为气化剂的户用高热值燃气生物质气化炉,利用Fluent14.0模拟了水蒸气入口距离气化炉内炉栅位置高度h、空气入口流量V0与水蒸气入口流量Vs这三个参数对CO、H2和CH4的体积浓度和燃气热值影响,并采用实验验证数值模拟的结果.研究的结果表明:若水蒸气入口位置高度h=195 mm,水蒸气入口流量Vs=1.41 m3/h时,空气入口流量V0=0.86 m3/h,生物质燃气燃烧热值最大为Q=9.95 MJ/m3,相比单一空气气化剂作用下提高了98.21%.     

蒸汽煤比对湍动循环流化床煤气化的影响

以空气和水蒸气为气化剂,在压力为0.3 MPa的湍动循环流化床热态实验台上对淮北烟煤进行了煤气化试验,研究了蒸汽煤比(质量比)对气化过程的影响.气化炉提升段具有下宽上窄的特点,床料采用宽筛分石英砂.气化试验过程中,实现了提升段下部湍动流化、上部环核流动.试验结果表明:随着蒸汽煤比的增加,煤气中CH4体积分数基本保持不变,CO体积分数从13.12%下降到11.98%,H2体积分数从初始12.3%增加到14.63%而后下降至14.19%,CO2体积分数从13.84%下降至12.94%后,略微上升至13.06%.蒸汽煤比的变化对干煤气产率、冷煤气效率及碳转化率都有影响,其最大值分别为2.89 m3/kg, 59%, 81%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.