基于复杂网络的全球海运网络鲁棒性研究

为研究全球集装箱海运网络鲁棒性,了解全球集装箱海运网络抗干扰能力,根据2015年全球最新10大集装箱班轮运输公司中的7家公司的航运数据构建了全球集装箱海运网络。运用复杂网络理论和方法测算其拓扑结构特征,设计随机干扰和蓄意攻击两种仿真系统,从连通鲁棒性和功能鲁棒性两个角度展开研究。仿真实验结果表明:全球集装箱海运网络针对随机干扰具有较强的鲁棒性,而在蓄意攻击下鲁棒性较差;不同港口对网络鲁棒性的影响差异较大,通过仿真分析分别得到了对全球集装箱海运网络连通鲁棒性和功能鲁棒性影响最大的10个港口,这些港口大多是亚洲港口,其中上海洋山港对全球海运网络连通鲁棒性和功能鲁棒性都具有较大的影响。研究结果可为全球集装箱海运网络重要港口的保护提供参考。     

基于轴辐网络模型的中欧集装箱航线优化

国际经济发展刺激跨洋集装箱运输需求不断增长,航运企业在航线中配置几个枢纽港,枢纽港通过较小的船舶转运到相连集货港,集装箱运输网络呈现轴辐网络形态.该研究选择中国和西北欧36个集装箱港口作为研究对象,建立集装箱海运轴辐网络模型,假设航运网络为纯轴辐网络形态,研究非容量限制下单配置枢纽中位问题,通过计算网络运输总成本,优化航线网络中枢纽港个数和位置,优化航运网络结构.该研究建立了非对称成比例模型,对欧盟的港口集装箱统计数据进行分解,得到不同方向航线港口间的运输矩阵.模拟结果表明,轴辐网络相对传统直线网络可节省53％～95％运输成本;枢纽港个数设置为6个,网络运输总成本达到最小,但东西向和双向航线中,最优枢纽港个数随着折扣系数的不同有差别;香港、高雄和上海是中国区域最优枢纽港;在北欧,最优枢纽港包括泽布吕赫港,汉堡港和勒阿弗尔港.     

考虑规模效应的一带一路海运枢纽网络比较研究

为优化海上丝绸之路的海运枢纽网络,推行"一带一路(BR)"的倡议,在传统轴辐式海运网络的基础上分别建立线型、环型枢纽网络结构,并引入规模效应折扣,用遗传算法求解不同海运网络的枢纽选址问题.最后,根据结果对3种不同的网络结构即轴辐式网络和线型、环型枢纽网络的适用性和总成本进行比较分析.结果表明:在"一带一路"倡议提出的背景下,改变单分配轴辐式网络结构,构造线型、环型枢纽网络,能够充分发挥政策引导的规模效应,从而降低总运输成本.进一步证明"一带一路"倡议对于沿线地区发展海运贸易具有积极作用.     

基于有效距离的全球集装箱港口接近中心性研究

为探究港口的影响能力,构建了全球集装箱海运有向加权网络,在传统复杂网络中心性研究的基础上,融入有效距离的概念计算全球集装箱海运加权网络接近中心性,比较分析港口部分影响因素、拓扑结构和港口吞吐量与基于有效距离的接近中心性之间的关系.研究结果表明:代入有效距离概念计算接近中心性得到的结果更具有现实意义;使用该方法找出的中心港口具有地理、经济区位与软环境上的优势;吞吐量增量具有反映港口影响力的能力.通过有效距离中心性研究方法找出的关键港口可以作为网络中转枢纽,由此可缩短运输距离,减少成本,拉动外贸需求,进而带动周边港口及城市发展,形成区域化经济带.     

轴辐式和多港挂靠班轮网络中的集装箱优化管理

随着国际贸易的发展,集装箱管理成本对船公司经营成本的影响在不断扩大.根据轴辐式网络和多港挂靠网络的特点,构建不同网络模式下的集装箱管理成本最优的混合整数规划模型,并用亚洲——北美班轮航线上的模拟数据进行了验证和求解.通过不同贸易差的案例对比,发现贸易差越大,轴辐式网络中的集装箱资金成本优势明显,而多港挂靠网络中的集装箱调运成本和租箱成本优势显著.得出了多港挂靠网络更加适合该航线的结论.     

基于复杂网络的海运航线网络连通性分析

为揭示海运航线网络的特征,评估港口失效对网络连通性的影响,基于复杂网络的相关理论,对海运航线网络的结构特征进行分析,并考察了港口在不同失效模式下网络连通性的变化.研究结果表明,海运航线网络同时具有较小的平均路径长度和较大的集聚系数,具有小世界效应,度分布与幂指数分布拟合程度较好而具有无标度特征;在节点随机失效下网络的抗毁性较强,而在选择失效下,网络的连通性较差;少数枢纽港口对海运航线网络的连通性起着关键的作用,应当切实保障这类港口的正常、高效运行,同时需加强枢纽港口与普通港口之间的连接,完善网络结构.     

考虑船舶油耗的集装箱班轮航线配船方案

班轮航线配船主要是解决多船型在多条航线上的合理配置问题,目的在于充分利用船队资源.首先,分析航行速度对船舶油耗产生的影响,然后,根据班轮多港口挂靠和集装箱转运的特点,建立以周计划内船队运营总成本最小为目标的混合整数规划模型.算例中通过对航行速度的灵敏性分析,呈现了船舶油耗和船队运营总成本之间的二律背反规律.随着船舶加速,虽然船队运营总成本递减,但是集装箱的转运成本和港口靠泊作业成本却呈现增加的趋势.其次,运用了轴辐式网络的特点,能够从46个港口中选择一半数量的中转港进行集中转运操作,具有规模经济优势.     

全球集装箱海运航线网络关键港口识别

针对关键港口识别方法相对孤立、测度指标相对单一的现状,基于复杂网络理论,以海运航线网络中港口度、港口介数、接近度、集聚因数和港口流量为指标,运用主成分分析法,得出了海运航线网络中港口的综合排名。以排名比较靠前的港口为关键港口,并运用相关性分析对港口的综合排名进行验证。验证结果表明:关键港口的分布受腹地位置影响,在数量上,亚洲和欧洲居于主导地位,新加坡港口以绝对优势居于综合排名的首位,中国的上海港口和香港港口分别进入了前10位。     

基于海运网络的区域关系研究

在"一带一路"战略实施的背景下,为了解全球集装箱运输网络中区域之间的关系及各区域在海运网络中的枢纽作用对全球物流行业发展的影响,以复杂网络为理论基础,以国家为单位将全球海运网络划分为155个区域,使用网络平均度、网络密度和中介中心性分析评价全球海运网络中各区域内部及各区域之间的海运网络结构,提出紧密指数作为评价区域之间联系紧密程度的指标之一。计算显示,全球海运网络具有无标度特性,可以将其抽象为复杂网络来分析;区域的中介中心性和紧密指数存在正相关关系;仅有8%的区域对整个海运网络的连通性带来显著影响。研究结果表明,国家港口数量在1~5之间的占国家总数量的85.34%;区域内部港口数量会直接影响该区域在海运网络中的参与度;在全球海运网络中发挥枢纽作用的区域有83.3%分布于欧洲和亚洲。     

中国沿海集装箱港口集中度研究

利用行业集中度对我国沿海集装箱港口行业的市场结构演化过程进行分析.分析发现,近30年来,我国集装箱港口行业的市场结构由最初的寡占Ⅰ型发展到如今的寡占Ⅲ型,并且集中度有进一步下降的趋势,市场结构向寡占Ⅳ型发展.对比美国集装箱港口集中度发现,近10年来,我国集装箱港口集中度略高于美国,两国同属于寡占Ⅲ型的市场结构.但我国集装箱吞吐量是美国的3.59倍,我国前4位港口的平均集装箱吞吐量是美国的4倍,港口运输压力明显大于美国.过大的运输压力会给港口及其所在城市带来相应的负面影响.因此,在边缘挑战机制的作用下,我国沿海集装箱港口集中度有进一步下降的空间.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.