微波场中锰矿粉碳热还原反应研究

采用微波加热和常规加热对锰矿粉的碳热还原反应进行了研究.利用热重分析仪研究温度、粒度和碳氧原子摩尔数比等因素对微波场中锰矿粉碳热还原反应速率的影响,并通过拟合得到碳热还原反应过程动力学方程,进而得到微波加热相对于常规加热碳热还原的速率增加因子Q.实验结果表明:在微波加热时,随着碳氧原子摩尔数比的升高,物料升温速率随之提高;同时,反应前期升温速率较大,随着反应的进行,升温速率逐渐降低.提高碳氧原子摩尔数比和温度,微波加热碳热还原反应速率加快.减小粒度可以提高反应速率,但当粒度减小到150目时,进一步减小粒度后,反应速率不会有明显的提高.相同的温度和保温时间下,微波加热失重率远大于常规加热,微波加热的促进作用在低温和低温反应后期更为显著.     

银超细粉末的制备

探讨了以葡萄糖为还原剂，聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为分散剂，在碱性条件下还原硝酸银水溶液制备银超细粉末的反应机理及工艺条件下。结果表明，在碱性葡萄糖溶液中还原硝酸银的反应，是经中间产物氧化银而转变为银的，此过程于瞬间完成。     

水性丙烯酸树脂/银导电油墨的制备及表征

采用液相化学还原法,以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）、硝酸银（AgNO₃）及水合肼（N₂H₄·H₂O）制备银纳米粒子;以丙烯酸树脂/丙烯酸乳液为粘接料,将纳米银粉加入并辅以其他填料,制备水性导电油墨;最后将导电油墨涂覆在聚对苯二甲酸类（PET）薄膜表面成型。对银纳米粒子和油墨进行了X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）及扫描电子显微镜（SEM等表征,研究了纳米银粉的添加量和热处理温度等对油墨导电性能和界面结合力的影响,结果表明：当纳米银粉质量分数为64.0%,热处理温度为150℃时,薄膜表面电阻达到0.9Ω/□,导电油墨与聚对苯二甲酸类（PET）基体的附着力达到美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）5B级,并具有良好的耐湿和耐温性。     

四方形钯纳米片的控制合成

以PdCl2为前躯体,三缩四乙二醇(TEG)为溶剂和还原剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为保护剂,在一定量KI存在下,于160℃油浴下反应3h,合成了形貌单一、大小均匀的四方形钯纳米片,产物用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)等进行了表征.     

微波辐射加热下高炉铝酸钙炉渣的浸出性能

研究了微波辐射加热条件下高炉铝酸钙渣的浸出过程·考察了微波辐射加热下,微波辐射功率、浸出用液的Na2OC质量浓度、液固比等对炉渣浸出反应的影响,并与传统加热浸出进行了比较·结果表明,氧化铝浸出率和反应体系的温度随着微波辐射功率的提高而增加·在温度未达到溶液沸点之前,反应体系为非恒温反应过程·微波辐射浸出与传统加热浸出相比较,微波辐射加热下炉渣中氧化铝浸出速率较传统加热方式浸出快得多,在氧化铝浸出率相同的前提下,微波浸出可降低浸出用液的Na2OC质量浓度,缩短浸出时间·     

微波诱导催化轻质烃芳构化

研究了在常规加热和微波辐射两种不同加热方式下ZnN/HZSM-5早混合碳四烃及正己烷芳构化反应的性能。考察了高／径比、反应温度及反应时间对反应性能的影响。探讨了微波辐射诱导催化反应的作用机理。     

化学沉积法制备用于印制电子的超细银粉

采用液相化学沉积法,以硝酸银为原料,水合肼为还原剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂,在室温下将硝酸银溶液滴加到还原性溶液中得到银颗粒的悬浮液,并经微孔滤膜过滤后制得用于印制电子业的超细银粉.用TEM、XRD与粒径分析等手段对产物的粒径与性状进行了表征,并进一步研究了PVP与硝酸银浓度对银粉粒度及产率的影响.这种制备工艺避免了传统机械研磨工艺中银粉纯度低、技术指标不一致的缺点,具有较好的应用前景.     

MgCl_2·6H_2O微波分解的规律

本文采用高效、快速、节能的微波技术对Mg Cl2·6H2O进行分解,通过热重分析﹙TG﹚、滴定分析和X射线衍射分析﹙XRD﹚等方法考察微波功率和时间对Mg Cl2·6H2O失重率、Cl-/Mg2+摩尔比、微波分解温度的影响规律,并对Mg Cl2·6H2O的微波分解和热分解进行了能耗分析。结果表明:当微波功率恒定时,随着微波辐射时间的增加,Mg Cl2·6H2O的失重率先升高后趋于平缓,Cl-/Mg2+摩尔比先减小后趋于平缓,微波后样品温度先降低后升高,最后趋于平缓;当微波辐射时间恒定时,随着微波功率的增加,Mg Cl2·6H2O的失重率和微波后样品温度呈递增趋势,Cl-/Mg2+摩尔比呈递减趋势;相比传统热分解过程,Mg Cl2·6H2O微波分解节能、省时,降低成本,具有潜在的工业应用价值。     

壳聚糖改性微球的微波制备及其吸附性能-1

采用微波辐射法制备了戊二醛交联壳聚糖水杨醛希夫碱微球吸附剂,使用红外光谱和热重分析表征了吸附剂的结构,研究了其对金属离子的吸附性能,同时与采用常规水浴加热制备的微球吸附剂进行了比较.结果表明,微波辐射法能加快反应的进行,制得的吸附剂微球较为均匀,同时增大了对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附量.     

微波辐射合成脲醛树脂

用微波加热合成脲醛树脂,获得最佳反应条件为;尿素与甲醛物质的量比为1:1.9;反应时间:600～660s;PH 值控制在7～8;反应基本完成。     

微波加热与常规加热硅锰粉固相脱硅动力学比较

采用微波加热和常规加热对硅锰粉和巴西粉锰的脱硅反应进行了动力学行为研究,以巴西粉锰为脱硅剂,与硅锰粉中的硅发生氧化还原反应.微波加热和常规加热分别加热到不同温度并保温一定时间,测定产物中硅含量并计算固相脱硅反应的表观活化能.实验表明:单一和混合料均可在微波场中快速升温.随着温度的升高和保温时间的延长,两种加热方式脱硅率均随之提高,在相同实验条件下,微波加热的脱硅率和反应速率均高于常规加热,微波加热可以提高固相脱硅率;微波加热固相脱硅反应的限制性环节为扩散环节,其表观活化能为102.93 kJ·mol-1,常规加热脱硅反应的表观活化能为180 kJ·mol-1,说明微波加热能改善固相脱硅的动力学条件,提高固相脱硅反应速率,降低脱硅反应的活化能.     

微波辐射下活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸催化合成乳酸正丁酯

利用颗粒状活性炭固栽对甲苯磺酸作催化剂,在微波辐射下,快速合成乳酸正丁酯。实验结果显示。当微波 功率为300w,催化剂用量为0.8 g,醇酸物质的量的经为3:1,反应时间仅为30min时,酯化率可达97.0％以上。另 外,通过实验发现,微波辐射下,反应速率明显高于常规加热方式。     

Influence of Ag doping on the microstructure and electrical properties of ZnO-Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-based varistor ceramics

Silver in the form of AgNO₃ was added to ZnO-based varistor ceramics prepared by the solid-state reaction method. The effects of AgNO₃ on both the microstructure and electrical properties of the varistors were studied in detail. The optimum addition amount of AgNO₃ in ZnO-based varistors was also determined. The mechanism for grain growth inhibition by silver doping was also proposed. The results indicate that the varistor threshold voltage increases substantially along with the AgNO₃ content increasing from 0 to 1.5mol%. Also, the introduction of AgNO₃ can depress the mean grain size of ZnO, which is mainly responsible for the threshold voltage. Furthermore, the addition of AgNO₃ results in a slight decrease of donor density and a more severe fall in the density of interface states, which cause a decline in barrier height and an increase in the depletion layer.     

微波酯交换法合成硬脂酸蔗糖酯

文章以蔗糖和硬脂酸甲酯为原料、K2CO3为催化剂、硬脂酸钾为助溶剂,用微波合成蔗糖酯,研究了不同外控电压、反应时间、反应物配比、催化剂用量、助溶剂用量对产物的影响。结果表明最佳的反应条件为:硬脂酸甲酯与蔗糖的摩尔比为2:1～3:1,碳酸钾的量为总量的17%,硬脂酸钾的量为总量的20%,反应时间为5.5min～7.5min,产率为144.5%。     

微波辐射制备PMMA-BMA树脂及其吸附油烟性能

本文提出应用微波辐射法制备聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-甲基丙烯酸丁脂(PMMA-BMA)吸油烟树脂,采用扫描电子显微镜对吸油烟树脂的表面形貌和孔结构进行了表征,研究了单体配比、引发剂用量、交联剂用量、微波功率对树脂吸附气相油烟性能的影响.结果表明,当MMA/BMA配比为0.8:1,引发剂、分散剂和交联剂的用量分别为0.4％、0.3％和0.35％时,所合成的树脂其吸油烟率达到最大,此时树脂表面形成了较多和较深的孔.与常规条件下的合成方法相比,使用微波辐射合成WRT树脂不仅可缩短一半以上的反应时间,而且其吸附气相油烟率也高于普通合成法得到的NR树脂.此外,微波辐射合成的树脂其吸附气相油烟性能还优于普通活性炭和商品的G-1651型高吸油树脂.     

Investigation on microwave heating for direct leaching of chalcopyrite ores and concentrates

The use of microwave energy in materials processing is a relatively new development presenting numerous advantages because of the rapid heating feature. Microwave technology has great potential to improve the extraction efficiency of metals in terms of both a reduction in required leaching time and an increase in the recovery of valuable metals. This method is especially pertinent in view of the increased demand for environment-friendly processes. In the present study, the influence of microwave heating on the direct leaching of chalcopyrite ores and concentrates were investigated. The results of microwave leaching experiments were compared with those obtained under conventional conditions. During these processes, parameters such as leaching media, temperature, and time have been worked to determine the optimum conditions for proper copper dissolution. Experimental results show that microwave leaching is more efficient than conventional leaching. The optimum leaching conditions for microwave leaching are the solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:100 g/mL, the temperature of 140℃, the solution of 0.5 M H₂SO₄ + 0.05 M Fe₂(SO₄)₃, and the time of 1 h.     

微波辐射明矾催化合成阿司匹林的研究

文中以水杨酸、乙酸酐为主要原料,以明矾作为催化剂,用微波法快速合成阿司匹林。系统讨论了反应物料比、催化剂用量、微波反应温度、微波反应时间及微波辐射功率等因素对产率的影响,确定了阿司匹林的最佳合成工艺条件。通过试验研究,优化出最佳合成工艺条件为:n(水杨酸)∶n(乙酸酐)=1∶2,催化剂用量为水杨酸质量的7.2,微波反应温度70℃,微波反应时间20 min,微波辐射功率400 W时,纯化后阿司匹林产率达到83.01。既可强化学生的环保意识,又可使学生掌握绿色化学的实用技术。     

基于均匀设计的生物柴油最优制备工艺参数研究

以均匀设计法安排试验,对大豆油在酯交换反应下制备生物柴油的工艺进行了研究.为获得最优制备工艺参数,考查了n(醇)∶n(油)(3∶1～8∶1)、催化剂质量分数(0.4%～1.4%)、反应温度为(45～70℃)、反应时间(40～140min)及其交互作用对生物柴油产率和原料转化率的影响.结果表明:n(醇)∶n(油)、催化剂用量可显著地影响生物柴油的产率和原料转化率.同时甲醇与反应温度、催化剂与反应时间之间存在对抗效应,而甲醇与反应时间、催化剂与反应温度、反应温度与反应时间之间则存在协同作用.利用回归分析和BP神经网络,确定最优工艺参数为:n(醇)∶n(油)=6∶1;催化剂质量分数1.0%;反应温度45℃;反应时间30min.经液相色谱仪测定,生物柴油产率高达97.6%.     

银表面上PVP分子的表面增强拉曼光谱研究

报道了PVP分子的常规拉曼光谱(NRS)及该分子在活性衬底银镜上的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS),并对它的拉曼特征谱带进行了初步的指认．通过对比PVP的常规拉曼光谱和SERS谱,发现PVP分子是通过杂五环和羰基同衬底银表面吸附的且PVP分子与银原子之间存在电荷转移。     

Synergistic effect of microwave irradiation and CaF<Subscript>2</Subscript> on vanadium leaching

The effect and mechanism of microwave irradiation on vanadium leaching were studied via a comparison between microwave heating and conventional heating. The results show a synergistic effect of microwave irradiation and calcium fluoride (CaF₂) on the vanadium leaching efficiency. It is confirmed that the vanadium leaching process can be improved by microwave irradiation when CaF₂ is present. The leaching rate of vanadium under microwave irradiation is increased by 8%-15% when 5wt% CaF₂ is added; by contrast, in the absence of CaF₂, the leaching rate is almost unaffected compared to that by conventional heating. Morphological analysis reveals that the particles are gradually eroded by acid under microwave irradiation, whereas some of the fine particles in samples subjected to conventional heating are tightly covered by a flocculent silicate product. Moreover, a large amount of Al and V and a small amount of Si are dissolved from samples under microwave heating, as revealed by the elemental analysis of leachates. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis also indicates a higher mass transfer coefficient in the diffusion layer of the raw material by microwave irradiation. When CaF₂ is present, the reaction energy barrier is lowered and the leaching process is controlled by the tightly covered product layer, resulting in a prominent effect of microwave irradiation.