黄鳝脑部松果腺复合体的结构研究

应用松果腺细胞改良染色法，证实了黄鳝脑部存在松果腺复合体，光镜及电镜切片的研究结果表明，黄鳝松果腺复合体由终囊，松果体柄和背囊三部分组成；     

STUDIES ON THE STRUCTURE OF PINE AL COMPLEX IN THE RICEFIELD EEL MONOPTERUS ALBUS ZUIEW

应用松果腺细胞改良染色法（Achucarro-Hortegastaining）,证实了黄鳝脑部存在松果腺复合体。光镜（HE染色）及电镜切片的研究结果表明,黄鳝松果腺复合体由终囊、松果体柄和背囊三部分组成;每部分均包含有类光感细胞、支持细胞及神经节细胞等细胞类型。类光感细胞包括外节、内节、胞体和基突4个组成部分,其形态结构与脊椎动物眼中的光感细胞极其相似。由于类光感细胞中分布有大量的分泌样颗粒,故而推测黄鳝脑部松果腺复合体具有感光与分泌的双重功能。     

黑斑蛙松果复合体的形态结构研究

黑斑蛙松果体由额器和松果体本部两部分组成，额器位于颅骨外，两眼之间皮肤的真皮层内，呈一团致密细胞，其结构和位置与其它变温动物的松果眼不同，缺乏感光结构，光果体本部包括脑旁体和松果体本体，主要成分有光接受细胞，支持细胞，血管和神经纤维。光接受细胞除具有许多和视锥，视杆细胞相似的细胞学特征，如排列不规则的外节，内节和突触成分外；胞质内还含有大量的线粒体，核糖体粗面和滑面内质网，中等量的高尔基复合体及少     

甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂触角感觉器的扫描电镜观察

采用扫描电镜观察了甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂(Opius dimidiatus)触角表面的超微形态结构,在雌、雄虫的触角基、柄节、梗节和鞭节上观察到6种感觉器,分别为板形感觉器、毛形感觉器、刺形感觉器、锥形感觉器、腔锥形感觉器和鳞形感觉器.对触角感觉器的形态和分布进行了描述,并比较了雌、雄蜂两性间的差异.     

宽颊纹潜叶蜂触角的分布和超微形态

利用扫描电镜对宽颊纹潜叶蜂Kaliofenusa genata雌蜂触角的形态特征、感觉器的类型及分布特点进行了观察.结果表明,宽颊纹潜叶蜂雌蜂触角呈丝状,由基节、柄节、梗节、鞭节组成.其中,鞭节由7鞭小节组成.触角上着生有6种感觉器,分别是毛形感觉器(Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型和IV型)、锥形感觉器(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)、刺形感觉器、锥形乳突状感觉器、芽形感觉器和Bhm氏鬃毛.其中,毛形感觉器I广泛分布在除基节以外的其他各节上;毛形感觉器II和III主要分布在柄节和梗节上;毛形感觉器IV主要分布在鞭小节的端部.刺形感觉器、芽形感觉器以及锥形感觉器I主要分布在鞭节的末端鞭小节上.腔锥形乳突状感觉器和锥形感器II主要分布在除第1鞭小节以外的其他鞭小节上.Bhm氏鬃毛仅分布在基节中部.结合相关研究报道,对宽颊纹潜叶蜂雌蜂触角各种感觉器可能的功能进行了探讨.     

电损毁树松果腺对生殖系统影响的研究

本文观察了在生殖季节末期利非生殖季节未期,损毁松果腺的26只树性腺和附性腺重量及组织学的变化.结果发现损毁树松果腺未见影响动物体重.在生殖季节末期损毁树松果腺,未见抑制性腺和附性腺重量减少,但见其在组织学水平上不衰退;在非生殖季节末期损毁树松果腺,未见性腺和附性腺提前增重,但见其在组织学水平上提前恢复.     

荒漠沙蜥精巢组织结构的季节性变化

本文以组织学方法对荒漠沙出（Ｐｈｒｙｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｐｒｚｅｗａｌｓｋｉｉ）精巢的组织结构进行了研究，结果表明，荒漠沙晰精巢的组织结构具有明显的季节性变化。每年４月初出蛰时精巢已相当发育，５月其生精上皮的厚度和曲细精管的直径达全年最高值，６月逐渐减小，７月降至最低值，８月开始回升，１０月中旬入蛰时已接近４月出蛰时的水平。精巢的体积和重量有相同的变化规律。荒漠沙蜥精巢组织结构的季节性变化受光照的影响，光通过作用于松果腺和脑垂体间接地调控其生长发育。     

动物感光器中的G蛋白及其偶联的光信号转导

G蛋白偶联的信号转导系统是细胞跨膜信号转导的重要途径，在动物的光感觉生理中，G蛋白在信号的转导和放大过程中起了重要的作用，有关这方面的研究已是动物光感觉研究中的一个热点，作者介绍了国内外这方面的研究进展，以及研究的方法，并对动物感光器中G蛋白的类型、性质和功能作了简要的概括。     

小菜蛾产卵忌避行为的化学感觉器机理的初步研究

通过对小菜蛾成虫的跗节上的感觉器的电镜扫描 ,明确了小菜蛾感觉器的分布 ,形态和数量 ;通过感觉器的切除试验 ,分析各种感觉器在小菜蛾产卵忌避行为中的作用 ,探讨小菜蛾寄主选择的感觉器机理     

一种基于光微波副载波复用系统实现光标记的新方法

光标记交换是一种光交换新技术，它能有效克服光换中的电子瓶颈，该技术的关键是光标记的产生和提取，光微波副载波复合系统是一种结合微波和光通信技术的通信网络，该文提出了利用光微波副载波技术实现光标记的新方法，叙述了这种光标记的产生、提取和识别原理，分析了这种方法的优点和进一步研究的问题。     

大弹涂鱼松果体形态结构研究

鱼类松果体是传达外界信息到体内的主要传感器之一,其分泌的褪黑激素与鱼类生殖活动密切相关.为了阐明大弹涂鱼松果体形态结构与其功能的关系,运用组织细胞学方法研究了大弹涂鱼松果体的形态结构.结果表明,大弹涂鱼松果体位于端脑和中脑之间,由松果体柄和终囊两部分组成,具有背囊结构.松果体柄细长,细胞排列紧密,柄中有空腔,开口与第三脑室相通;松果体终囊膨大成梨形,且有空腔,腔内有皱褶,终囊顶部表面有黑色素细胞;背囊位于终囊下方,形状不规则,其囊壁向囊腔内反复折叠,形成许多复杂、盘旋曲折的内褶,背囊内部可见血细胞.研究结果为将来揭示大弹涂鱼半月周期产卵的机制提供了基础资料.     

蟾蜍松果体的细胞学观察及其冬眠期与非冬眠期形态学的比较研究

为了研究蟾蜍松果体的形态特征,并了解松果体在生物节律中所起的作用,运用常规的光镜样品制备技术,对松果体的细胞形态及其在冬眠期、非冬眠期的变化进行了观察.研究结果显示,松果体的额器及脑上体都具有与视网膜感光细胞相似的细胞,称之为类光感细胞,因而它们具有感受光的能力;同时,根据细胞结构的观察以及两者所处位置的不同,认为额器具有比脑上体更强的感光性能.通过冬眠期与非冬眠期的细胞形态学比较,可以看到额器及脑上体的类光感细胞外节均有较明显的变化.冬眠期可见额器的类光感细胞外节排列规则,但数量减少,而脑上体的类光感细胞外节排列明显不规则,内有很多小泡,呈退化状态.额器及脑上体支持细胞的细胞质和类光感细胞线粒体的形态在冬眠扨亦有一定的变化.实验结果表明,额器及脑上体感光性能在冬眠期与非冬眠期是有差异的,脑上体在冬眠斯进入退化状态。     

Cd、Pb在东洞庭湖乌鳢、鳜鱼中的蓄积水平研究

采用湿式消解法,并用石墨原子吸收光谱法(GF-AAS)对东洞庭湖乌鳢(Channa argus)、鳜鱼(Siniperca chuatsi)不同组织进行重金属镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)的含量测定,分析其含量分布特征及其与体长、体质量的相关性,并用单因子污染指数法和THQ法评价其污染程度与食用安全性。结果表明,重金属在鱼体内的蓄积量存在组织特异性,同一器官组织对不同重金属的蓄积量不相同(Pb的蓄积量大于Cd的蓄积量)。Cd、Pb含量在鳜鱼和乌鳢的肠道和肝胰脏中含量最高,肌肉中含量最少。相关性分析显示,除Pb含量在乌鳢组织中相关性不显著,其余均表现出较强的相关性(P<0.05),且在鳜鱼中重金属含量与体长、体质量的相关性较显著,在乌鳢中则不显著。污染程度分析及健康风险评价表明,除肌肉组织(乌鳢肌肉组织Pb呈微污染水平)外其他组织器官均存在不同程度的污染水平,食用该区域的乌鳢和鳜鱼无明显的健康风险,食用安全性较高。     

A circadian oscillator in cultured cells of chicken pineal gland

The activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase, the key enzyme of melatonin synthesis, shows a marked circadian rhythm in the pineal glands of various animal species. The regulation mechanism of the N-acetyltransferse rhythm in birds is different from that in mammals. N-Acetyltransferase activity in rat pineal gland is controlled by the central nervous system through the sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion, while in chicken the endogenous oscillator for N-acetyltransferase rhythm is presumably located in the pineal gland. Recently it has been shown that N-acetyltransferase activity oscillates in a circadian manner in the organ culture of chicken pineal glands. When chicken pineal glands were organ-cultured under continuous illumination, the nocturnal increase of enzyme activity was suppressed. These observations suggested that chicken pineal gland contains a circadian oscillator, a photoreceptor and melatonin-synthesising machinery. A central question arises whether the circadian oscillation of N-acetyltransferase activity and its response to environmental lighting are generated within the cell or are emergent properties of interaction between different types of pineal cells. I report here that in the dispersed cell culture of chicken pineal gland, N-acetyltransferase activity exhibits a circadian rhythm and responds to environmental lighting in the same manner as in the organ culture.     

Modern optics in exceptionally preserved eyes of Early Cambrian arthropods from Australia

Despite the status of the eye as an "organ of extreme perfection", theory suggests that complex eyes can evolve very rapidly. The fossil record has, until now, been inadequate in providing insight into the early evolution of eyes during the initial radiation of many animal groups known as the Cambrian explosion. This is surprising because Cambrian Burgess-Shale-type deposits are replete with exquisitely preserved animals, especially arthropods, that possess eyes. However, with the exception of biomineralized trilobite eyes, virtually nothing is known about the details of their optical design. Here we report exceptionally preserved fossil eyes from the Early Cambrian (～ 515 million years ago) Emu Bay Shale of South Australia, revealing that some of the earliest arthropods possessed highly advanced compound eyes, each with over 3,000 large ommatidial lenses and a specialized 'bright zone'. These are the oldest non-biomineralized eyes known in such detail, with preservation quality exceeding that found in the Burgess Shale and Chengjiang deposits. Non-biomineralized eyes of similar complexity are otherwise unknown until about 85 million years later. The arrangement and size of the lenses indicate that these eyes belonged to an active predator that was capable of seeing in low light. The eyes are more complex than those known from contemporaneous trilobites and are as advanced as those of many living forms. They provide further evidence that the Cambrian explosion involved rapid innovation in fine-scale anatomy as well as gross morphology, and are consistent with the concept that the development of advanced vision helped to drive this great evolutionary event.     

A cyclic GMP-activated channel in dissociated cells of the chick pineal gland.

Phototransduction in the vertebrate retina is dependent in part on a cyclic GMP-activated ionic channel in the plasma membrane of rods and cones. But other vertebrate cells are also photosensitive. Cells of the chick pineal gland have a photosensitive circadian rhythm in melatonin secretion that persists in dissociated cell culture. Exposure to light causes inhibition of melatonin secretion, and entrainment of the intrinsic circadian oscillator. Chick pinealocytes express several 'retinal' proteins, including arrestin, transducin and a protein similar to the visual pigment rhodopsin. Pinealocytes of lower vertebrates display hyperpolarizing responses to brief pulses of light. Thus it is possible that some of the mechanisms of phototransduction are similar in retinal and pineal photoreceptors. We report here the first recordings of cyclic GMP-activated channels in an extraretinal photoreceptor. Application of GMP, but not cyclic AMP, to excised inside-out patches caused activation of a 15-25 pS cationic channel. These channels may be essential for phototransduction in the chick pineal gland.     

主分量分析方法在乌鳢种下分类中的应用

利用采自全国各地的68尾普通乌鳢Ophicephabus argus argus Cantor,采自四川嘉陵江的19尾白乌鳢O.a.kinacran(Shih)和东北地区的14尾黑龙江乌鳢O.a.warpachowska Berg作为研究材料,选取3个计数性状和12个比例性状,对其种下分类进行了主分量分析.结果表明,自乌鳢与普通乌鳢覆盖率为73%.黑龙对乌鳢与前者完全分开,因此由乌鳢亚种不能成立.乌鳢可分为乌鳢指名亚种和黑龙江乌鳢亚种.两亚种可由侧线鳞和吻长与全长的比例区分开.     

棱鲻,英氏鲻,粗鳞鲻松果体的组织学和超微结构

研究了三种鲻科鱼类的松果体显微、超微结构，并比较了它们的异同；结果表明三种松果体形态各异，但都有三种典型的细胞：感光细胞、支持细胞、神经节细胞．三种鱼都有松果体，但没有背囊．