中国西北干旱地区水面蒸发力计算

采用甘肃省河西走廊及青藏高原辐射观测资料重新拟合辐射的计算公式,得到适合于海拔落差大、地形复杂的干旱地区计算蒸发力的修正彭曼公式。用此式和彭曼原式及欧阳海的修正方案分别计算了94站逐月和年水面蒸发力,然后按武威县南营水库和临泽县双来湖水库飘浮在水面和陆上的E-601蒸发器对比观测得出折算系数,将河西走廊和祁连山区15站E-601蒸发器的测值转换成大水面的蒸发量。与上述三种方案的计算值对比,本方案的相对误差最小,仅6.9%。彭曼原式偏大,欧阳海方案在高海拔地区偏小。     

青海湖水面蒸发量计算

根据青海湖附近气象站的器测资料,结合高原咸水湖的实际特点对彭曼公式进行修正,计算了青海湖的水面蒸发.结果表明:青海湖多年平均(1960-2006年)蒸发量为924.3mm,47年中最高为1,066.2mm(1979年),最低为761.1mm(1989年).考虑了水下热通量对湖面蒸发的影响更能体现湖泊水体蒸发的实际情况.     

浅谈采用彭曼-蒙特斯公式计算参照作物需水量

作物需水量理论计算方法很多,但公认的理论性较强的最通用方法首推彭曼（Penman）公式。然而,从彭曼公式建立的过程可见,公式具有地区性特点,实际应用时必须对公式中的参数进行地区性修正。新疆是个气候比较干燥的地方,且春秋季多风沙,在许多灌区计算作物需水量的时候对风动力学影响更为敏感,本文应用近几年新疆某气象站诸项气象资料通过彭曼-蒙特斯公式计算参照作物需水量,证明西北地区特别是新疆沙漠边缘的灌区,作物需水量受温度和热辐射影响较风动力学项影响更为显著。     

基于多模态和加权支持向量机的热轧轧制力智能预报

为了提高热轧生产过程精轧机组的轧制力预设定精度,需要对轧制力进行高精度的预报.本文通过机理公式计算出轧制力的近似值,然后采集大量的实际生产数据修正轧制力预报值.首先利用聚类方法区分不同的生产状态,其次在相同生产状态下采用加权最小二乘支持向量机计算轧制力的修正系数,最后采用乘法方式修正轧制力,达到高精度的轧制力预测.结果表明,轧制力预报的平均相对误差为3.2%,满足现场的生产要求.     

小麦蒸腾蒸发量的计算及分析

利用FAO-17 Penman修正公式及Penman Monteith公式对豫北地区冬小麦的蒸腾蒸发量进行了计算,并与试验实测结果进行对比分析,结果表明:由于两种方法选用了不同的空气动力学项和辐射项公式,造成计算结果有一定的差异,但从整个小麦生育期来看,这两种方法总体上误差不超过10%;两种方法对豫北地区冬小麦的蒸散量的计算结果,其总体变化趋势与实际较吻合,在各生育期内,绝对误差不超过18mm,全生育期不超过40mm,估计相对误差在10%内,两种方法比较,Penman-Monteith公式更适合当地情况.     

轧制力预报中的神经网络和数学模型

采用ＢＰ神经网络方法预报热连轧精轧机组轧制力·通过训练数据预处理、利用遗传算法优化网络结构和参数、按钢种划分训练样本等方法,提高了网络的预报精度,优于传统的数学模型方法·ＢＰ神经网络与数学模型相结合的综合神经网络方法,进一步提高了轧制力的预报精度·预测结果与实测数据比较表明,相对误差基本在±７％以内,实现了精轧机组轧制力的高精度预报     

H型钢万能轧制力计算方法

基于分离腹板和翼缘相互影响的思路建立2种特殊的H型钢万能轧制模型.通过研究不同延伸比和面积比条件下水平辊、立辊轧制力与平板轧制的关系,总结归纳出H型钢万能轧制力计算公式,并用其他规格道次的H型钢轧制力进行对比验证.研究结果表明:在相同的面积比条件下,随着腿腰延伸比λ的增大,水平辊轧制力减小,立辊轧制力增加;随着翼缘或者腹板面积的减小,不同延伸比情况下的水平辊中间位置轧制力和立辊轧制力分别收敛于1个稳定值;该H型钢轧制力计算公式能较好地反映不同工艺参数下轧制力的变化趋势;水平辊轧制力公式计算结果与有限元模型计算结果的最大相对误差为16.7％,与实测值的相对误差为3.4％;立辊轧制力公式计算结果与有限元模型计算结果的最大相对误差为8.7％,与实测值的相对误差为4.4％.     

运用人工神经网络方法预报表层岩溶地下水动态

将人工神经网络的理论与方法应用到表层岩溶带地下水动态预报中,从不同角度建立了2个预报BP网络模型,A模型刻画水位与降雨量、蒸发量和泉流量之间的关系,相对误差为±2%;B模型刻画水位自身的变化规律,相对误差为±5%,均可用于预报水位.A,B模型可为表层岩溶水研究及开发利用提供依据.     

神经模糊组合预报冷连轧机轧制力

采用Elman动态递归网络方法,以生产实测数据为基础,建立了冷连轧机轧制力预报模型。在此基础上,提出了将基于误差反馈和专家经验的闭环模糊控制引入轧制力预报中,用于修正预报输出、提高预报精度和鲁棒性的设想。仿真结果表明,该方法是有效的,预报精度优于传统方法。预报结果的相对误差限制在±4%以内,实现了冷连轧机轧制力的高精度预报。     

基于神经网络与线性回归的轧制力预报

通过将SIMS轧制力计算公式进行相应简约化处理,避免了模型软件在该公式计算时的重复迭代求解,缩短了计算时间,因此更适合在线软件计算.利用现场实际生产数据反向回归出变形抗力模型中的系数,提高了模型中系数的准确性.用神经网络对变形抗力与应力状态系数的乘积加以修正,进一步提高了轧制力预报的精度.预测结果与实测数据比较表明,轧制力预报误差基本在±5％以内,满足了轧制力预报的精度要求.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-