锂改性Pd/C催化剂及其乙炔氢氯化催化性能

以活性炭为载体,LiCl溶液和PdCl——2溶液为改性剂和活性组分前驱体,分别用共浸渍法和分步浸渍法制备了Li改性Pd/C催化剂并将其应用于乙炔氢氯化反应,考察了制备方法和助剂负载量对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,制备方法和助剂负载量均会影响催化剂在乙炔氢氯化反应中的催化活性,LiCl与PdCl——2共浸渍所制备的催化剂,Li负载量为0.5%时催化剂催化性能最佳,乙炔转化率达99%的高活性可维持2 h以上,氯乙烯选择性可达97%.对催化剂进行BET,TG,XRD,TPR,XPS和FT-IR对催化剂表征分析。发现,适量Li添加改性提高了催化剂中活性组分钯物种的分散度,减少了催化剂表面积碳的生成,抑制了钯活性组分的还原,从而改善了催化剂的活性和稳定性。     

整体式Pd/ZSM-5/Cordierite催化剂的制备及其低浓度甲烷燃烧催化性能

以蜂窝状堇青石(Cordierite)为载体,采用聚乙烯醇纤维(PVA)溶液辅助涂覆法制备了整体式Pd/ZSM-5/Cordierite催化剂;利用XRD、N2物理吸附、SEM和XPS等手段对催化剂的结构和性质进行了表征。将该催化剂用于低浓度甲烷催化燃烧,研究了PVA溶液浓度、活性组分负载方式和Pd负载量等因素对Pd/ZSM-5/Cordierite催化剂活性涂层稳定性及低浓度甲烷燃烧催化性能的影响。结果表明,以质量分数为3%的PVA溶液制备的分子筛浆料进行涂层涂覆,所得到的整体式催化剂活性涂层具有良好的牢固度。以Pd/ZSM-5为涂层粉体、Pd整体负载量为1.12‰(质量分数,下同)时,所制备的(Pd/ZSM-5)/Cordierite催化剂具有优异的低浓度甲烷(体积分数为1%)燃烧催化性能,甲烷转化率为10%、50%和90%时的反应温度分别为271、337和385℃。此外,在不同温度下435h长周期测试实验中,该整体式(Pd/ZSM-5)/Cordierite催化剂表现出较高的抗热稳定性,表明其具有良好的低浓度甲烷燃烧处理应用前景。     

磁性负载催化剂Pd/Fe_3O_4的制备及其在Sonogashira反应中的应用

利用浸渍法制备Pd/Fe_3O_4负载型磁性纳米催化剂并对其进行表征,研究Pd/Fe_3O_4在碘苯与苯乙炔的Sonogashira偶联反应中的催化性能.结果表明:在100℃、DMF为溶剂、K_2CO_3为碱源的反应条件下, Pd的负载量摩尔分数为13.7%时, Pd/Fe_3O_4的催化活性最高;其催化活性与负载的纳米Pd粒径有关, Pd粒径为3.56 nm时催化性能最佳;利用外磁场分离回收催化剂,循环使用5次后,其催化产率为75.3%,仍有较高的催化活性.     

Pd/CeO2对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸的液相催化加氢脱氯

采用NaBH₄还原法分别制备了不同载体CeO₂、活性炭(AC)和石英砂(SiO₂)的负载型Pd基催化剂。采用Zeta电位、X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜等手段对催化剂进行表征，并利用高活性Pd/CeO₂催化剂对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)进行液相加氢脱氯反应研究。研究结果表明：载体对催化剂活性影响较大，其中Pd/CeO₂催化剂具有高等电点、较强的金属-载体相互作用以及Pd颗粒高分散度的活性特征；Pd/CeO₂催化剂对2,4-D的脱氯效果随Pd负载量增加而增加，随pH值的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势；Pd/CeO₂催化剂对2,4-D的加氢脱氯反应符合Langumir-Hinshelwood模型，表明2,4-D在催化剂表面的吸附是反应的速率控制步骤，且Pd/CeO₂对不同的污染物都表现出较高的液相加氢还原活性。     

Pd催化氧化乙二醛制取乙醛酸的理论研究

乙醛酸由于其独特的结构,在生产和生活中都有广泛的用途。本文应用密度泛函理论对CHOCHO与O2在Pd催化剂存在条件下的各个反应通道进行了势能面扫描研究。在M06/6-31G(d,p)水平上优化了各反应通道上各驻点物(反应物、中间体、过渡态、产物)的几何构型,并计算了它们的振动频率和零点能,通过零点能校正计算了各反应通道的活化能。计算结果表明,乙二醛在Pd催化剂存在下与氧气反应存在着生成乙醛酸和甲酸两条反应通道。两条反应通道速控步骤的活化能分别为215.3 kJ/mol和296.1 kJ/mol,生成乙醛酸的反应为主反应通道。与无催化剂相比,生成乙醛酸反应通道的能垒降低了80.1 kJ/mol;而生成甲酸和CO2的反应通道的能垒反而升高了21.9 kJ/mol。这说明Pd催化剂的加入可以有效的抑制甲酸和CO2的生成,提高乙醛酸的选择性。     

Pd/CeO_2-ZSM-5/CC催化净化低中温尾气CO的试验研究

试验制备了Pd/CeO2-ZSM-5/CC催化剂,测定了其对低中温尾气CO的催化净化活性。试验表明,Pd/CeO2-ZSM-5/CC催化剂具有良好的催化活性,Pd负载量大的催化剂活性越好。CO初始浓度为100ppm,O2浓度为21%,空速为100000h-1时,0.4%Pd催化剂的T100为192℃。     

羊毛-钯-镍配合物对芳硝基化合物催化加氢反应的催化性能

生物高分子负载型双金属羊毛-钯-镍络合物对芳硝基化合物催化加氢反应性能的研究,发现该催化剂制备简单,温和条件下能有效地将芳硝基化合物催化加氢.考察了反应温度、溶剂、金属负载量、Pd/Ni比、溶液pH等对催化加氢反应的影响.在最佳条件下,芳硝基化舍物被100%的转化为芳胺化合物,并且催化荆重复使用4次,仍有较高的催化活性.     

制备条件对Au/La-Mn-O催化剂低温氧化CO性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法(Sol-gel法)制备系列La-Mn-O载体,用沉积-沉淀法(DP法)制备负载型金催化剂,以CO催化氧化为探针反应,对催化剂活性进行测试,并考察催化剂的制备条件(焙烧温度、制备过程中溶液的pH值、Au的负载量以及载体的种类)对催化活性的影响,用XRD、BET和AAS等手段对催化剂进行表征.结果表明,当溶液的pH=9,Au的理论负载量为2%,未经焙烧的Au/LaMnO3催化剂表现出较好的活性,CO的最低完全转化温度为90℃.稳定性测试结果显示.Au/LaMnO3催化剂具有较好的稳定性,连续反应30 h,CO的转化率一直保持100%,放置150d后催化剂活性稍有下降,CO的最低完全转化温度由原来的90℃升至110℃.     

氧气扩散电极在光电催化降解水中苯酚的应用

采用乙炔炭黑为载体用乙二醇还原氯铂酸制备了Pt/C电极催化剂,利用XRD技术对Pt/C催化剂的晶型结构进行了表征.用制备好的Pt/C催化剂与石墨、活性炭材料混合热压法制成氧气扩散电极,在双电极体系中光电催化降解苯酚.探讨了氧气扩散电极的烧结温度、催化剂负载量对光电催化降解效果的影响,并考察了溶液初始pH值对降解过程的影响.结果表明:Pt催化剂以纳米微粒分布于炭黑表面;氧气扩散电极在400 ℃N2气氛中处理后苯酚的矿化效果好;在V=50 mL,C0=50 mg/L,pH=6,E=2 V,λ=365 nm,光强I=9.2mW·cm-2的实验条件下,氧气扩散电极中Pt含量为3.6%时,经3.0 h的光电催化降解反应,溶液中苯酚的降解接近100%,矿化率达到70.2%;酸性条件更有利于降解反应的发生.     

PdNi/C低温高效催化湿式氧化无害化处理氨氮废水

氨氮废水对环境的危害日益严重,催化湿式氧化技术能高效无害化处理氨氮废水,但现有催化剂工作条件苛刻.采用化学还原法制备2%Pd1%Ni/C双金属催化剂,并考察了其氨氮废水催化湿式氧化性能.结果表明:Pd和Ni的结合使得PdNi/C催化剂在更低贵金属用量的前提下,比相对应的单贵金属催化剂(Pd/C)具有更优的催化性能,尤其是低温催化性能.在每千克催化剂每小时处理约33 L模拟废水(氨氮的质量浓度为1 000 mg/L,pH=12)及反应压强为2 MPa处理3 h的条件下:在140℃时,2%Pd1%Ni/C催化剂能催化氧化脱除废水中99.0%的氨氮,且N_2选择性为90.5%;而3%Pd/C和3%Ni/C催化剂的氨氮转化率仅分别为86.4%和50.6%;即使在120℃的温和条件下,采用2%Pd1%Ni/C催化剂也能脱除80%以上的氨氮.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、CO程序升温还原(CO-TPR)对PdNi/C催化剂进行表征,结果表明Pd和Ni之间的协同作用调变了催化剂的亲氧性能,进而提高了氨氮转化率.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.