基于声发射监测的巴西盘试样破裂过程

应用声发射及盖格尔定位算法,实验研究了不同巴西盘岩样加载破裂失稳过程.结果表明:声发射事件主要由于裂纹扩展产生,在初始加载阶段直至裂纹萌生之前,其声发射活动不是很明显;一旦岩样出现初始裂纹,在相应的应力点声发射事件明显增多;在微裂纹扩展的非稳定阶段至岩石破坏瞬间,声发射活动变得异常活跃,声发射事件变化率最大.由此直观反映了巴西盘试验过程初始裂纹的产生、扩展空间位置及扩展方向,即大部分试样的破坏是从一加载端开始,而少数试样的初始裂纹是在岩样的内部产生.同时,声发射事件定位也是岩样内部应力场演化过程的宏观表现,这对于深入研究岩石破裂失稳机制很有意义.     

双轴加载下大尺寸岩石裂隙演化规律试验

为准确掌握深部岩体的破裂过程中失稳机制,对大尺寸试样进行了不同加载速率下的双轴加载试验,分析了试件破裂过程中裂隙演化规律和声发射行为特征.在大量试验的基础上,选取了由425硅酸盐水泥、砂子(粒径≤2 mm)、石膏、高效减水剂和水组成的砂浆材料,确定了各组分的最优配比.借助岩石应力-渗流耦合真三轴试验系统和PCI-2声发射监测系统,分析了不同加载速率对大尺寸试样裂隙演化的影响规律和破裂的声发射行为特征.结果表明:加载速率越大,大尺寸试样越容易产生反翼裂隙,发生突变性剪切破坏,而不同加载速率下试样破裂的声发射行为特征基本相似,当加载到90%σc时,声发射事件累计数瞬时增多,表现为裂隙的瞬时扩展贯通,导致试样最终破裂.     

煤岩三轴压缩损伤破坏声发射特征

在对MTS815岩石伺服试验系统通讯传输接口进行改造的基础上,实现了将检波器置于三轴室内的三轴压缩声发射试验,克服了检波器置于三轴室外壁无法监测到全面可靠声发射信号的弊端.煤岩三轴压缩声发射试验结果表明,与单轴压缩相比,围压增强了煤岩的整体性及刚度,使压密阶段声发射活动明显减弱.声发射振铃计数及能量出现最大值的时间均稍滞后于煤岩宏观破坏时刻,说明围压不但提高了其峰值强度,而且由于围压使煤岩内部裂隙的错动滑移受到抑制,提高了其峰后承载能力.振幅反映声发射的强度,三轴压缩条件下,轴向加载初期声发射振幅较小,宏观破裂前后出现大量高振幅声发射事件,残余塑性阶段仍然有较多振幅较大的声发射事件产生.声发射撞击计数率表征裂纹扩展的次数及速率,三轴压缩声发射撞击计数试验结果表明,弹塑性阶段是煤岩裂隙萌生扩展的主要阶段.岩石三轴压缩破坏声发射特征对于深刻理解矿山井下岩体破坏机理及采用微震监测技术预防相关动力灾害事故具有重要的理论及实际指导意义.     

砂浆板冲击荷载下声发射定位试验研究

在混凝土静载声发射研究基础上,提出基于声发射定位的混凝土冲击荷载研究方法,通过锤击、均匀冲击荷载试验,采用逐级递增循环冲击加载方式研究砂浆板的破裂失稳过程,及其内部裂纹萌生、扩展形成裂缝至最终贯穿的演化模式。结果表明,声发射事件产生主要由裂缝扩展引起,并随冲击力变化表现不同特征:在初始冲击荷载至初始裂缝出现之前,声发射活动不明显;随动载增大试件出现裂纹,声发射事件明显增多;裂纹稳定扩展成裂缝至贯穿前声发射活动异常活跃,声发射事件变化率最大;裂缝一旦贯穿继续冲击不再出现声发射活动。裂缝贯穿瞬间虽不产生声发射事件,但仍可根据声发射定位图走势推断。     

煤岩蠕变声发射特征试验研究

利用MTS815岩石伺服试验系统和AE21C声发射监测系统对煤岩进行了分级加载声发射试验.试验结果分析表明,煤岩分级加载过程存在蠕变应力阈值,在达到该阈值之前,各个应力水平上的煤岩变形很不明显,当加载水平大于该阈值时才发生明显蠕变变形.在瞬态蠕变阶段,煤岩内微孔隙、裂隙逐渐扩展,声发射活动逐渐增强;在稳定蠕变阶段煤岩蠕变变形速率趋于平稳,新生裂隙较少,声发射事件少且能量低;在加速蠕变阶段煤体内产生大量裂隙并逐渐发育至宏观破裂失稳,储存的能量在较短的时间内快速释放,声发射事件数及能量均达到最大值.煤岩的声发射特征较好地反映了其蠕变过程中的损伤演化过程.     

花岗岩真三轴加载破坏前兆信息

岩体开挖卸荷导致内部扰动和应力重分布,极易发生突发性失稳破坏。对不同中间主应力下的花岗岩试件进行真三轴加载试验。试验过程中采用高速摄像机、声发射、红外热像仪全程观测,研究岩石加载破坏过程中红外热像演化特、临空面温度变化特征、声发射振铃计数率变化特征、岩石表面裂纹发育,研究岩石破坏前各类监测数据的异常反应。研究表明:热像异常演化对岩石未来表面破裂有指导作用,未来裂纹扩展区域与热像异常出现位置相一致;岩石破坏前临空面上温度会出现异常,一般表现为温度曲线转折性变化和温度跳跃式升高;声发射振铃计数率会在试件失稳破坏前出现密集性增高现象。这些异常现象作为前兆信息为岩石破坏提供预警,研究结果为岩体开挖卸荷后工程灾害预警与防治提供理论参考。     

声发射能量累积与煤岩损伤演化关系初探

为了寻求煤及岩石在受载破坏过程中能量积累与应力应变之间的关系,分别对煤矿的煤和泥岩进行了单轴加载及声发射试验,得到了煤岩试样单轴加载试验过程中声发射能量累积、应力与应变之间的关系曲线。利用损伤力学基本原理和热力学定律,理论推导了煤岩损伤演化方程,进而得到损伤与声发射能量累积关系曲线,通过拟合损伤与声发射能量累积关系曲线初步推导得到了声发射能量累积与应力应变的理论关系,并通过试验结果验证了能量累积与应力应变关系。     

煤岩声发射机理及实验研究

利用煤岩损伤理论和煤岩材料的固有缺陷分布特征,推导了煤岩破坏过程中的声发射理论模型,建立了岩石声发射率与应变过程、加载速率、材料均质度、初始损伤、材料固有特性等的理论关系;通过实验验证了该模型的正确性;理论推导、计算机模拟和实验室试验证实,均质度不同的岩石等材料应变过程中,声发射率变化规律有3种模式,即随应变增加,声发射率(指数)上升型、先升后降型和平稳型.工程实际应用中,应根据岩石等材料具体分析,掌握岩石等材料破坏前兆规律,才能根据声发射变化特征判断材料破坏动态.图4,参8.     

花岗岩Kaiser效应的实验验证与分析

应用八通道的声发射系统,实验研究了10个花岗岩试样(150 mm×150 mm×150 mm)在单轴压缩循环荷载作用下的Kaiser效应,同时研究了保载、旋转(90°)加载和延时加载对Kaiser效应的影响.应用单纯形算法对声发射事件进行定位,研究裂纹扩展过程.结果表明:在初次加载条件下,声发射事件连续急剧产生,反映岩样本身的损伤程度;在岩样线弹性循环加载阶段,花岗岩表现出明显的Kaiser现象,同时表明岩石具有一定的受载记忆能力;声发射事件定位结果明显显示出裂纹的初始、扩展过程,与实际观察到的岩样破坏结果是一致的.同时发现保载、旋转(90°)加载和延时加载对Kaiser效应没有影响.但是,一...     

静压侵入作用下的岩石声发射

本文研究了压头侵入作用下大理岩的声发射。测试结果表明,在压入破岩过程的加载阶段,反映岩石内部微破裂的声发射活动性一般少而低,只有当压头周围产生微小片裂时,才偶发性地出现声发射的小波峰。侵入力一旦达到峰值,岩石内表面附近形成水平裂纹,岩石承受的载荷下降,声发射率(AER)随之发生急剧变化。水平裂纹的快速扩展,最终导致表面片裂。随后,声发射平息。侵入载荷重新增大,声发射活动性依然平静,于是开始下一循环的压入破岩过程。这种现象在各种压头侵入大理岩试验中均被观测到。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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