基于声发射监测的巴西盘试样破裂过程

应用声发射及盖格尔定位算法,实验研究了不同巴西盘岩样加载破裂失稳过程.结果表明:声发射事件主要由于裂纹扩展产生,在初始加载阶段直至裂纹萌生之前,其声发射活动不是很明显;一旦岩样出现初始裂纹,在相应的应力点声发射事件明显增多;在微裂纹扩展的非稳定阶段至岩石破坏瞬间,声发射活动变得异常活跃,声发射事件变化率最大.由此直观反映了巴西盘试验过程初始裂纹的产生、扩展空间位置及扩展方向,即大部分试样的破坏是从一加载端开始,而少数试样的初始裂纹是在岩样的内部产生.同时,声发射事件定位也是岩样内部应力场演化过程的宏观表现,这对于深入研究岩石破裂失稳机制很有意义.     

不同岩石声发射活动特性的实验研究

应用声发射及其定位技术,对不同岩样破裂过程的声发射活动规律进行实验研究,借以揭示不同岩样的破裂失稳机理.实验结果表明:几种岩石的破坏模式相同,均发生劈裂破坏;在相同实验条件下,在初始加载时,5种岩样产生的声发射事件均比较少;随着载荷的增加,不同岩石的声发射活动表现并非一致,砂岩在整个加载过程产生的声发射事件数最少,而花岗岩产生的声发射事件数最多;砂岩和花岗岩(红色)其声发射事件变化率非常明显,在破坏前无任何征兆;由于声发射事件定位是时差定位法,岩样波速影响着声发射事件的定位,砂岩、大理岩(黑色)及花岗岩(红色)等岩样没有得到定位结果;而花岗岩与大理岩的声发射定位结果,直观反映了其内部裂纹初始、...     

不同岩石声发射定位算法及其实验研究

应用声发射定位技术实验研究了不同加载方式下不同岩石(花岗岩、砂岩)破裂过程中内部裂纹扩展的三维空间演化过程;对Geiger定位算法和单纯形定位算法的定位原理进行了分析,并对两种定位算法的定位精度进行了探讨.研究表明:声发射定位事件直观反映了裂纹萌生、扩展的动态演化过程,声发射事件的定位结果与岩石试样的实际破坏模式非常吻合;单纯形算法的定位精度要高于Geiger算法,但定位的声发射事件数少于Geiger算法.在基于声发射定位技术对岩石失稳破裂过程进行研究时,可根据具体情况选用定位方法,也可通过两种或多种定位算法的对比分析来获得更精确的定位结果.     

受拉加载速度变化对砂岩Kaiser效应影响

为分析受拉加载速度变化下的岩石破坏过程Kaiser效应特征,获取其机理和判断标准,通过3种加载速度的三点弯曲声发射试验,研究了受拉应力状态下砂岩Kaiser点的应力值与加载速度、声发射特征参数间的相互联系。运用RFPA2D从微裂纹开展角度,对试验过程中Kaiser效应随加载速度变化呈现的差异进行了机理分析。最后,运用小波分析方法获取了不同加载速度的砂岩Kaiser点频谱分布区间,量化了其宏观现象的判断标准。结果表明:砂岩的Kaiser效应特征参数与加载速度正相关,各参数的Kaiser点明显程度存在差异,累计事件参数最明显。加载速度越快,岩石裂纹扩展路径的规律性越弱。因裂纹竞争起裂趋势难度的变化,造成开裂能量分布均匀性降低,影响Kaiser效应的准确度和明显程度。Kaiser点的频率主要集中在0～312.50kHz范围,占比为40.54%,最大值在300kHz附近,呈现正态分布,并且Kaiser点的频率区间随加载速度的变化呈现不断紧缩趋势,这一规律可以作为反演辨识岩石受荷冲击强度变化的依据。     

砂浆板冲击荷载下声发射定位试验研究

在混凝土静载声发射研究基础上,提出基于声发射定位的混凝土冲击荷载研究方法,通过锤击、均匀冲击荷载试验,采用逐级递增循环冲击加载方式研究砂浆板的破裂失稳过程,及其内部裂纹萌生、扩展形成裂缝至最终贯穿的演化模式。结果表明,声发射事件产生主要由裂缝扩展引起,并随冲击力变化表现不同特征:在初始冲击荷载至初始裂缝出现之前,声发射活动不明显;随动载增大试件出现裂纹,声发射事件明显增多;裂纹稳定扩展成裂缝至贯穿前声发射活动异常活跃,声发射事件变化率最大;裂缝一旦贯穿继续冲击不再出现声发射活动。裂缝贯穿瞬间虽不产生声发射事件,但仍可根据声发射定位图走势推断。     

不同应力路径对岩石声发射Kaiser效应的影响

为了解在循环加载过程中使用不同应力路径岩石声发射Kaiser效应的特征,采用岩石破裂过程分析软件(RFPA2D)对三种不同应力路径下岩石试样的声发射特征进行了数值计算.在循环加载中采用不同的应力路径对试样加载,在二次加载过程中仍能观测到清晰的Kaiser效应,但是KF值却与先前的最大应力值有较大差别.研究结果表明,岩石Kaiser记忆的真实内容不是先前所受的最大应力,而是岩石内部的损伤程度.使用从原岩中取样,在实验室做单轴压缩声发射实验观测KF值的方法测得的应力值与真实的原岩应力有较大的差别.这一结论对于进一步认识Kaiser效应的本质和用Kaiser效应准确的测定原岩应力有重要的作用.     

纳米混凝土声发射Kaiser效应的试验与数值模拟

为研究纳米材料的微观结构对混凝土宏观力学性能的影响,采用声发射试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究纳米混凝土在循环载荷作用下的声发射特性.结果表明:纳米混凝土具有明显的Kaiser效应,但存在一定的应力水平范围.与普通混凝土相比,由于受到纳米SiO2微观作用的影响,纳米混凝土在前3次加载过程中,声发射能量高、幅值大、活性强.但在第4次加载时,由于承载能力得到提高,纳米混凝土声发射能量累积曲线的变化相对平缓.RFPA数值模拟结果与试验结果具有一致性,其应力图和声发射图能够形象地表征试件裂纹的扩展过程和破裂位置.这有助于深入了解纳米混凝土损伤过程的声发射特征.     

岩石损伤破裂过程与声发射特性耦合规律实验研究

采用MTS岩石力学试验系统和PAC公司SAMOS声发射监测系统,开展了灰岩、大理岩试样单轴受压破坏过程声发射特性试验,研究了岩石受力、变形过程中,声发射事件时间序列、空间分布、能量和b值等声发射参数特征,分析了岩样损伤破裂不同阶段与声发射参数的内在联系与特征规律.研究表明,岩石试件宏观破坏前,岩石中的裂纹处于非稳定扩展阶段,声发射事件急剧增加,达到弹性变形阶段的5～8倍,并逐渐向破裂面集中,弹性能加速释放,声发射累积能量急剧增加,为弹性变形阶段的103倍;声发射事件的振幅明显增加,可达弹性变形阶段的10倍;声发射波形峰值前的延续时间相对较短,频谱分散,出现多峰现象;通过对岩样的声发射源定位,有效采集到微损伤“积聚区”,该区域的微损伤密度明显大于试样其它区域;随着岩样中微裂纹的局部扩展、贯通直至岩样破坏,b值和M值发生显著变化,岩样破坏前b值急剧减小,声发射事件震级明显增大.     

岩石单轴压缩Kaiser效应的试验研究

岩石材料在压缩过程中能量释放将产生大量的声发射现象。本文基于Kaiser效应理论及Kaiser点的确定方法,运用单轴压缩试验研究分析了岩石试件的Kaiser效应,结果表明：当岩石压应力达到或超过先期加载应力水平时,将首次出现大量的声发射事件,此处应力水平点即为Kaiser点,采用声发射确定的Kaiser效应点应力值比真实值大8%-8.7%。这表明,Kaiser效应法是一种简单、直观、经济的地应力测定方法。     

基于矩张量分析的花岗岩破裂声发射特征试验

基于声发射定位技术和矩张量分析方法,对在单轴加载条件下岩石破裂过程中的裂纹破裂机制及时空分布特征进行试验研究.借助CAD软件展示不同破裂机制的声发射事件,直观反映裂纹破裂类型.研究结果表明:单轴压缩加载试验中,花岗岩试样破裂以剪破坏为主,但岩石微裂纹的破裂类型所占比例并不固定,岩石内部微裂纹破裂类型与岩石材料的力学环境有关;花岗岩作为一种脆性岩石,破裂不符合格里菲斯强度准则认为的脆性材料都是拉伸破坏的基本观点,证明格里菲斯强度准则对于均质度不高的脆性岩石的适用性有一定的局限;花岗岩单轴压缩试验中,试样的破坏类型与其应力水平没有关系,3种类型的声发射事件随应力增大的变化趋势相似.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.