生物质/聚吡咯复合材料的电化学性能研究

在造纸行业中作为废液的木质素磺酸盐是一种含有甲氧基和酚羟基的生物质衍生物,由于具有可逆的氧化还原反应而提供赝电容.但木质素磺酸盐的导电性低,从而不能直接作为超级电容器电极.本文在含木质素磺酸钠(Lig)的体系中原位聚合吡咯(Py)制备了具有导电性能的木质素磺酸钠/聚吡咯复合材料(LP).通过扫描电镜(SEM)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)测试对其形貌和结构进行表征.结果表明:当Lig与Py质量比为1∶1和电流密度为1 A/g时,复合材料具有高的比电容(346.8 F/g),相比于单纯聚吡咯(PPy)的比电容提高了约50 F/g.而且当电流密度从1 A/g升高到10 A/g时,LP1的倍率性能高达60.8%,比PPy提高了9.3%.在高电流密度10 A/g时,复合物LP1经过1 000次恒电流充放电后仍保留了47%的电容值,表明复合物LP1表现出好的循环稳定性.     

纳米叶状聚苯胺超级电容器

纳米导电聚苯胺(PANI),作为超级电容器的电极材料,有着广阔的应用前景.采用三电极体系下的恒定电流法,通过多步电化学聚合获得以导电玻璃(ITO)为基底的纳米结构导电聚苯胺薄膜.采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)对薄膜进行形貌表征.由于电极材料的纳米结构,材料的比电容在电流密度为1 A/g及10 A/g下分别为829 F/g及667 F/g.以20 A/g的电流密度对电极进行500次的恒定电流充放电测试,电极的比电容下降为95.1%,显示了较好的循环稳定性.     

聚吡咯膜对不锈钢腐蚀的防护机理研究

为测量不锈钢的腐蚀电阻,研究聚吡咯膜(PPy)对不锈钢腐蚀的防护机理,应用循环伏安曲线、电化学阻抗谱和开路电位-时间曲线测量方法等电化学手段研究了镀PPy膜后不锈钢在十二烷基苯磺酸钠溶液和NaCl溶液中的电化学行为,并通过建立合理的等效电路图对其电化学阻抗图谱进行解析.结果表明:所建立的等效电路分离出不锈钢的腐蚀电阻与PPy的氧化还原电阻,能较好地解析不锈钢/PPy/溶液的阻抗行为;在高盐溶液3.5%NaCl溶液中,PPy膜对不锈钢腐蚀具有很好的保护作用;在PPy膜保护不锈钢的过程中,不锈钢和PPy膜间发生电化学反应,释放十二烷基苯磺酸根以及生成不溶性物质来抑制金属的腐蚀.     

化学氧化法合成超级电容器电极用聚吡咯及其工艺优化

采用化学氧化法合成一种粉末状超级电容器电极用导电高分子材料聚吡咯,通过引入掺杂剂TSA,使合成的PPy的电导率得到有效的提高,电化学电容性能得到改善;研究掺杂剂浓度、单体浓度、氧化剂浓度、聚合时间及反应温度对Py转化率和PPy电导率、比电容等性能的影响.结果表明,TSA用量对Py转化率和PPy的电导率的影响不大,但对PPy比电容的贡献比较明显;PPy的产量随Py用量增加逐步增加,转化率却呈下降趋势,PPy的电导率和比电容随Py用量增加先增加而后下降;Py的转化率随FeCl3浓度增加而规则地升高,PPy的电导率和比电容先基本保持不变,之后反而降低;随着tp的增加,Py的转化率、电导率和比电容有显著的增加;在低温下有利于提高PPy的电导率.     

复合导电剂在超细炭微球超级电容器中的应用研究

导电剂能否在电极材料中形成良好的导电网络是影响超级电容器性能的关键因素之一. 以改进St?ber法合成了高比表面积且具有多级孔结构的超细空心炭微球,以其为电极材料,对比研究了碳纳米管/炭黑复合导电剂与单一导电剂对基于超细空心炭微球超级电容器性能的影响. 研究发现,在0.2 A/g的电流密度下,采用复合导电剂时其比电容为205.7 F/g,远高于单一导电剂时的比电容. 尤其在100 A/g的大电流密度下,采用复合导电剂时的比电容高达104.0 F/g,相比炭黑导电剂提高了275%. 分析表明,纤维状的碳纳米管和炭黑可在本身易团聚的超细空心炭微球中形成点-线协同作用的导电网络,这是提升超级电容器性能的主要原因.      

碳纳米管膜/MnO_2柔性电极材料的制备及其电容性能

为了制备性能优异的柔性超级电容器电极材料,以横向网络状分布的柔性碳纳米管薄膜为基底,通过与二氧化锰的复合,制备出碳纳米管膜/MnO_2柔性超级电容器电极材料.分别利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、拉曼光谱、X线光电子能谱、恒电流充放电和循环稳定性等测试表征材料的形貌、结构和电容性能.结果表明:碳纳米管膜/MnO_2复合材料的比电容最高可达297 F/g,且碳纳米管膜/MnO_2柔性电极材料在比电容大于200 F/g时依然拥有优良的循环稳定性.     

溶剂对导电聚吡咯防腐蚀性能的影响

采用循环伏安法分别在含吡咯+NaClO4的乙腈中和水中,在不锈钢表面制备了聚吡咯(PPy)膜.用扫描电子显微镜观察了PPy膜的表面形貌,用四探针法测量了PPy膜的电导率,用动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱研究了在1mol/L H2SO4中PPy膜对不锈钢的防腐蚀性能.结果表明,在两种溶剂中制备的PPy膜都由球状粒子组成,但在水中制备的PPy膜结节较多.在乙腈中制备的PPy的电导率和对不锈钢的防护性能都显著高于在水中制备的PPy.由于乙腈的给电子性较水的小,与吡咯聚合中间体的作用小,链反应较难终止,使得PPy聚合链共轭度长,膜的缺陷少,电导率大,防腐性能好.     

MnO2/碳纳米球电化学超级电容器电极材料的制备与性能研究

利用水热法合成了纳米棒状的MnO_2/碳纳米球(CNPs)作为电化学超级电容器的电极材料.利用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射光谱分析(XRD)对样品的微观形貌、物相进行分析;利用循环伏安法和恒电流充放电测试材料的电化学性能.结果表明:纳米棒状MnO_2/CNPs复合材料具有良好的电化学性能.在0.1 A/g的电流密度,1 mol/L Na_2SO_4电解液中,电极材料的比电容高达305.6 F/g,远高于纯碳球的比电容(49.3 F/g),当电流密度增至5 A/g时,材料的比电容为235 F/g,比电容仍能保持76.9%.     

TiO2的水热生长及其超级电容性能

以FTO玻璃为衬底,采用水热法制备针状TiO_2电极材料.利用XRD、SEM、EDS对TiO_2电极材料结构和成分进行分析,并用电化学工作站对其电容性能进行测量.结果表明:经H_2SO_4溶液和电化学循环处理后,TiO_2电极材料从白色转变成蓝色物质,导电性大幅上升,比电容也随之显著提高,从0. 657 F/g上升到49. 14 F/g,CV曲线表明TiO_2电极材料经电循环后出现从赝电容到双电层电容的转变.     

应用于超级电容器的碳原子线电极的电容性能研究

以新型碳材料--碳原子线为超级电容器电极材料.碳原子线由天然高分子淀粉高温催化热解而得,并通过浓硝酸处理的方法对其进行表面官能化.酸处理后碳原子线电极的电容性能测试采用循环伏安法,恒流充放电法和交流阻抗法.实验结果表明,酸处理后的碳原子线电极显示出较高的电容性能,在5mol/L硫酸水溶液中,在0.2A/g的放电电流密度下,该电极的比电容可达256F/g,同时具有较低的等效串联电阻和较好的循环稳定性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-