影响GPS测量的电离层延迟模型研究

GPS作为一种无线电导航系统,受到很多误差源的影响,如:卫星轨道误差、卫星钟差、电离层延迟误差、对流层延迟误差、多路径误差、接收机钟差和测量噪声等误差。其中,自从SA(Selected Availability)于2000年5月1日取消以后,电离层误差是最大的一项误差。为了消除电离层延迟的影响,GPS导航定位中采用了双频改正法、利用电离层延迟的空间相关性差分以及各种电离层模型来削弱其影响。本文探讨了常用的修正GPS电离层延迟的模型和经验改正公式:Bent模型,IRI模型,Klubuchar模型,双频改正法等,并详细论述了如何利用双频观测值建立电离层模型。     

仅采用Fr（φ）项的中长基线解算法的研究

仅采用Fr（φ）项的基线向量解算法由于不进行周跳的探测和修复,以及整周模糊度的确定等工作,无法利用双频观测值来消除电离层延迟,因而只能用于短基线向量的解算。利用IGS提供的全球电离层格网图GIM来进行电离层延迟改正,取得了较好的效果,使该算法也能使用于中等长度的基线向量的解算。实际计算结果表明：利用24h的观测资料和上述方法来计算边长为31km～107km的GPS控制网时,基线向量的精度可达0.2ppm.     

利用CORS进行格网化电离层TEC实时监测

为了实现对区域电离层的实时监测,利用连续运行参考站观测到的双频GPS数据提取电离层总电子含量(TEC)信息.根据卫星和接收机硬件延迟在一定时间内比较稳定的特点,利用前一天计算的硬件延迟值来修正当日卫星传播路径上的总电子含量值,从而获得实时的电离层总电子含量.由此建立单历元多站多项式模型,结果表明:当基站间距离平均约为250 km时,由7个基站共同建立的实时模型内外符合精度平均优于0.8 TECU(1TECU=1016电子数/m2),将实时模型计算的电离层延迟改正信息应用于静态单频PPP定位中,点位精度能够达到0.3~0.4m,与不进行电离层延迟改正的单频PPP定位结果相比提高80%左右.因此,进一步结合格网技术,可以实现区域电离层总电子含量的实时监测.     

GPS广播电离层模型精化方法

电离层延迟是影响定位的主要误差源之一,与电离层电子含量(TEC)密切相关。Klobuchar模型是GPS单频用户在实时定位中消除电离层延迟的有效方法,其精度在太阳活动低年只有50%-60%。本文针对TEC时间序列的随机噪声和Klobuchar模型参数设置的局限性采取两种不同的改进策略,以双频改正法计算值作参考,利用广西CORS监测站数据进行解算并分析不同优化策略的效果,研究表明,针对TEC时间序列的精化模型,Kalman滤波处理策略效果最优,加权最小二乘方法效果最差,该处理策略改进效果整体差于模型参数的估计改正策略,模型参数改正方法,以14参数模型改正效果为最优,10参数次之,8参数最差,另外模型的计算效率也是其适用性的考量标准之一。     

基于GPS数据确定电离层延迟的蚀因子法

通过建立电离层交叉点(ionospheric pierce point,IPP)点的电离层蚀因子(ionospheric eclipse factor,IEF)λ及其影响因子(ionospheric influence factor,IFF)-λ,综合λ,-λ与IPP点的地方时t,研究了一种利用GPS数据确定电离层延迟的新方法--电离层蚀因子法(ionospheric eclipse factor method,IEFM).IEFM方法强调根据电离层的变化特性选择合理的TEC模型.初步结果表明,利用IEFM拟合的电离层延迟的改正精度更接近L3观测自校正电离层延迟的精度.     

GPS对流层延迟的历元间差分分析

GPS(Global Positioning System)观测难免受到各种因素的影响,虽然可以通过不同观测组合和改正模型予以消弱,但总有一定的残留误差对定位结果产生影响.基于精密单点定位理论,通过无电离层组合模型、高精度GPS卫星轨道、卫星钟差来削弱电离层延迟误差、轨道误差的影响,以不同采样间隔的观测数据,分析对流层延迟历元间差分结果的特性;分析不同采样间隔观测中,对流层延迟历元间差分值的变化,对流层延迟对历元间差分观测值的影响;残留误差对历元间差分结果、组合观测值的影响;残留误差在时间序列上的变化.     

电离层对GPS测量的影响

GPS作为一种无线电导航系统,受到很多误差源的影响,即:卫星轨道误差、卫星钟差、电离层延迟误差、对流层延迟误差、多路径误差、接收机钟差和测量噪声等误差。其中,自从SA(Selected Availability)于2000年5月1日取消以后,电离层误差是最大的一项误差。电离层延迟对GPS定位的影响结果,主要体现在定位精度的降低和定位方法的限制等方面。电离层使接收到的GPS信号产生延迟,从几米到百米以上。如果不考虑这种影响,就会严重降低GPS定位和授时的精度。因此,电离层误差是GPS测量中的主要误差源,必须加以改正。本文介绍了电离层对GPS定位的影响,包括码群延迟(即绝对测距误差)、载波相位超前(即相对测距误差)、多普勒时延(即距速误差)以及信号衰减(即振幅闪烁),并论述了影响电离层密度的因素。     

BDS/GPS四频组合观测值系数选择方法与分析

长波长、弱电离层延迟、低噪声的线性组合观测值能够实现整周模糊度的快速确定,而组合的波长、电离层延迟系数及观测噪声都由组合系数决定。在用频率因子、电离层延迟因子和观测噪声因子表征组合波长、电离层延迟系数及观测噪声大小的基础上,利用搜索法得到了适合于整周模糊度解算的BDS/GPS B1、B2、L1、L2四频组合观测值系数,利用函数法得到了观测噪声最优时组合观测值系数和与频率因子及电离层延迟因子的函数关系,结果表明,0,-1,0,(1)、-1,0,1,(0)和-1,-1,1,(1)3组系数确定的组合观测值具有较长的组合波长,较小的电离层延迟误差和观测噪声,有利于整周模糊度的解算。     

地面GPS双频非差观测值仿真

本文在系统研究GPS观测模型和各项误差模型的基础上,建立了地面GPS双频非差观测模型,设计了一套较完整的计算仿真程序。误差模型包括钟差、电离层延迟、对流层延迟、相对论效应、地球固体潮等,反映了测量环境条件。根据具体要求可在观测值中添加粗差和周跳,为利用GPS观测值探讨定位方案设计、周跳和粗差探测等问题提供了验证平台。最后,本文利用BERNESE定位软件给出了电离层延迟和对流层延迟分别对单点定位精度影响的实例,实验证明仿真结果与实际情况符合较好。     

太阳风暴期间的北斗电离层建模优化

北斗卫星导航系统发播地理坐标系下8参数Klobuchar电离层模型提供给单频用户使用,且采用实时观测数据每2 h更新一次模型参数.太阳风暴会造成电离层严重扰动,可能对电离层模型预报精度带来严重影响.本文针对北斗系统电离层模型参数特点,在分析相邻两天周期项参数对改正精度影响的基础上,设计了基于历史周期项参数的模型解算方法,首先利用前一天24 h观测数据解算的余弦周期项参数作为当天模型周期项参数,然后利用当天累积数据,采用最小二乘方法解算余弦幅值项参数.该方法固定对电离层模型精度影响较小的周期项参数,实现利用较短时段太阳风暴期间电离层穿刺点观测数据拟合电离层模型振幅参数,从而达到太阳风暴期间电离层模型改正精度显著提升.采用北斗实测电离层数据,分析比较北斗发播模型结果和基于历史周期项参数模型结果的预报精度,结果表明:太阳风暴期间,北斗系统发播模型结果因受前一天观测数据影响,预报精度大幅降低,电离层负暴期间中国区域平均预报精度比常态降低达40%,而基于历史周期项参数的模型结果在太阳风暴期间的预报精度均与平静期间精度相当,平均预报精度优于70%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.