前期降雨作用下边坡滑坡模型试验

为研究前期降雨对边坡稳定性的影响,基于云南省龙江水电站近坝库岸边坡滑坡区实测降雨资料,通过自行研制模型试验装置,进行前期降雨作用下室内边坡滑坡模型试验,分析前期降雨作用下的边坡滑坡特性。研究表明:前期降雨作用是引起边坡滑坡的主要因素,由于前期降雨作用下雨水在边坡坡面进行了充分入渗,导致边坡土体强度减小,引起非饱和土中基质吸力丧失或减小,再次降雨极易引起边坡滑坡;前期降雨作用引起边坡滑坡类型为浅层牵引式滑坡。     

青连高铁K152+300～K152+470边坡滑坡稳定性预测研究

边坡稳定性是影响高速铁路安全运行的重要因素之一,开展高速铁路边坡滑坡稳定性预测研究对提高高铁运行安全具有一定的工程意义.以青岛-连云港高速铁路K152+300~K152+470边坡滑坡为例,通过设计合理的监测方案开展了边坡地表水平位移和土体深部水平位移监测,总结了滑坡位移规律;基于监测数据采用GM(1,1)模型、神经网络模型和灰色神经网络模型进行了滑坡位移预测,在验证预测效果的基础上基于灰色神经网络模型构建了滑坡位移预测模型,预测了该滑坡未来3年的累计位移并建立了高铁边坡滑坡位移预警方法.研究结果表明:DB2和GY2监测点的地表水平累计位移分别为17.23 cm和21.69 cm,SB2、SB4和GY2监测点的土体深部水平累计位移分别为13.42 cm、16.05 cm和18.37 cm;DB2、SB2、SB4、GY2监测点未来3年的累计位移最大预测值分别为47.05 cm、42.53cm、46.01 cm、52.36 cm(地表)和48.15 cm(深部),该滑坡将继续保持临界稳定状态;根据滑坡累计位移量将高速铁路边坡滑坡位移预警等级分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ级.     

降雨入渗对山地公路边坡稳定性的影响

为研究降雨入渗对山地公路滑坡稳定性的影响,以毕节市织金县某公路边坡为背景,在饱和-非饱和土体渗透理论基础上,利用岩土工程数值模拟软件FLAC3D对其进行模拟,通过分析降雨持续不同时间内边坡雨水入渗情况、潜在滑动面位置及边坡安全系数,得出随着降雨持续时间的增加,雨水不断向坡体入渗,边坡潜在滑动面范围不断扩大,边坡安全系数不断减小,边坡稳定性不断降低。     

基于MSR300雷达监测的凹山采场降雨条件下的边坡变形及滑坡

降雨是诱发滑坡的主要因素之一,尤其在暴雨条件下,更易激发滑坡.随着南帮边坡开采高陡化,滑坡发生频繁.为研究降雨条件下南山矿凹山采场南帮边坡稳定性特征,采用MSR300型雷达对边坡进行了连续4a的实时稳定性监测,基于采集到的采场降雨数据和边坡滑移数据,分析了降雨量和降雨强度与边坡变形规律,对凹山采场滑坡各阶段进行了划分,建立了凹山采场边坡失稳模型和预警阈值.结果表明:凹山采场变形与降雨量呈正相关,服从幂函数规律;边坡变形速度曲线与降雨强度有良好的一致性,滑坡一般发生在最大降雨强度之后;滑坡阶段主要包括初始变形阶段,稳定变形阶段和加速变形阶段;报警阈值分别为:6h时序内,位移阈值为20 mm,速度阈值1.5mm·h-1;12h时序内,位移阈值为30 mm,速度阈值为2.5mm·h-1.凹山采场滑坡曲线与岩土体非稳定蠕变曲线具有较高的相似性,位移曲线出现了“阶跃”现象,速度曲线出现了“尖凸”现象,这种情况易引起滑坡事故,其中在位移曲线的“拐点”处和相应速度曲线的“凸点”处发生滑坡的可能性最大.研究成果为类似矿山边坡稳定性监测和破坏机制提供了科学依据和参考.     

降雨—变形耦合预警模型在荔景山庄边坡的应用

针对城市边坡开挖引发滑坡地质灾害给人民的生命和财产造成不可弥补的伤害的问题,本文建立了荔景山庄边坡的降雨—变形耦合预警模型。首先通过调查工程的位置交通情况以及地质环境特征,利用Geostudio软件模拟降雨入渗和变形情况,对边坡潜在变形机制进行了分析,并且根据四色预警指标分别建立了降雨预警模型和位移切线角模型,从而建立安全有效的降雨变形耦合预警模型,这将对其他地区边坡预警模型的建立具有指导意义。     

降雨型堆积层滑坡降雨阈值及预警模型研究——以王家坡滑坡为例

堆积层滑坡在降雨作用下,累积位移曲线呈现不规则的“阶跃”状.针对此类型滑坡,将滑坡所处的地质条件与滑坡的变形特征相结合,进而建立合理的预警模型,是提高滑坡预警精度的必要手段.本文以王家坡滑坡为典型研究案例,在分析降雨、滑坡位移以及位移速率等监测资料的基础上,确定王家坡滑坡的位移回落时间、降雨阈值.考虑滑坡变形对降雨的响应机制,将实际降雨工况分为当期降雨和前期降雨+当期降雨两种类型,通过数值模拟分析降雨条件下王家坡滑坡的稳定性,对传统的经验性降雨阈值进行改进,针对当期降雨,建立降雨诱发滑坡失稳滑动的I-D阈值曲线,针对前期降雨+当期降雨,建立滑坡破坏的A-I-D阈值曲面.最后,基于改进的I-D阈值曲线和A-I-D阈值曲面建立了王家坡滑坡4级预警模型.     

边坡在降雨及地震作用下的稳定性分析

目的研究边坡在地震和降雨作用下稳定性的变化规律,得出导致边坡失稳的敏感因素.方法基于ABAQUS有限元软件模拟分析边坡稳定性的变化过程,采用拟静力法和强度折减的有限元法等方法对边坡进行数值模拟,将得到的安全系数与极限平衡法所得安全系数进行对比.结果在弱降雨20 mm/h条件下,边坡安全系数发生变化的几率特别小,可见一定强度的弱降雨不会对边坡安全构成威胁;在强降雨50 mm/h状态下,前期边坡安全系数变化不大,后期安全系数逐渐降低且变化明显,甚至在降雨大约34h后边坡发生失稳破坏,安全系数极具降低,强降雨会对边坡安全稳定性构成极大威胁.结论在边坡或者堤坝等岩土工程中降雨和地震对其稳定性和安全性的影响,相对于其他外界因素更为重要.     

基于突变理论的边坡监测预警概率性模型研究

为解决边坡系统演化过程中不确定因素的影响,得到非确定性的边坡预警结果。结合突变理论与广义胞映射理论提出了一种边坡监测预警概率性模型。该模型采用尖点突变理论识别边坡稳定状态;将边坡稳定性演化结果视为随机事件,基于广义胞映射理论计算滑坡在某一时刻准时发生、提前发生、滞后发生、滑坡不发生的概率,从而实现边坡概率性预警。利用该模型计算了某黄土区工程边坡在某时刻发生失稳的概率为100%,且滞后发生的概率为83.8%,判定边坡系统突变会在该时刻之后发生,预警结果与实际情况一致,验证了该模型的有效性。与传统模型相比,概率性预警模型可提供更丰富合理的信息,有助于提升监测预警的准确率,为边坡监测预警研究提供了一种新思路。     

滑坡触发因素及其影响的原位试验

在相同地质条件下,采用人工降雨模拟试验和机械开挖模拟原位试验,研究滑坡触发因素及其对滑坡的影响.研究结果表明:堆积层边坡在降雨入渗影响下多为浅层松弛型破坏,降雨入渗造成土体中孔隙水压力增加,致使边坡土体的抗剪强度由于有效应力减少及土体吸水软化而降低;堆积层边坡在切坡开挖影响下多为浅层牵引式破坏,变形形态为从坡面到坡面以下逐渐减小的松弛形变形;降雨和入渗双重效应可能是降雨诱发堆积层边坡失稳的主要原因之一,在强降雨影响下,易发生滑塌事故.该研究结果可为滑坡的时间、空间和强度预报提供理论依据.     

公路高边坡灾变机理及滑动力响应规律分析

降雨是导致和诱发滑坡的主要因素,据调查中国大约68%的滑坡灾害是由于降雨作用所致。为揭示降雨诱因与边坡岩土体劣化变形之间的关联性,以大广高速新丰段边坡为例,对降雨诱发边坡失稳破坏模式展开研究。通过建立降雨与开挖条件下的大广高速新丰段边坡的三维数值计算模型,分析滑坡应力场和位移云场演变规律,确定了滑动面埋深(H=14 m)和滑动面地表出露位置,并发现滑动面出露处呈“后缘张拉V形裂缝、舌部挤压隆起变形”为主的破坏模式,坡面以蠕滑变形为主的破坏模式;开展新丰段边坡“耦合锚索框架梁+抗滑桩”加固设计及可行性数值模拟分析;最后,在新丰段边坡上建立了公路边坡滑动力综合在线安全监测预警系统,揭示了滑动力随降雨量的动态响应规律。结果表明：在抗滑桩加固位置,坡体Z方向变形量减小,最大变形量仅为9 mm,满足边坡控制要求。可见,为类似公路高边坡的安全监测和变形机理研究奠定了理论和实践基础。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-