长江口青草沙水域外海正面盐水入侵特点分析

利用青草沙上游取水口和下游排水口大量实测盐度资料,统计分析了2010年冬季以来的10个咸潮年度中青草沙水域受到外海正面盐水入侵的特点.分析结果表明,近10年来青草沙水域外海正面盐水入侵与径流量、潮汐和风况等密切相关.水库上游闸口共发生16次正面盐水入侵,时间为9月到次年3月;下游闸口共发生41次正面盐水入侵,时间为9月到次年5月.上游和下游闸口正面盐水入侵,主要出现在每年的12月、1月和2月,且一般容易发生在大通流量18 000 m3/s以下、持续偏北或西北风影响下的小潮或小潮后的中潮.正面盐水入侵来临前几天,偏北或西北风的强度和持续时间对正面盐水入侵起着重要的作用.     

长江河口北支新村沙围垦工程对盐水入侵的影响

长江河口北支新村沙围垦和南水道封堵工程于2012年实施,人为改变了北支河势.本文采用长期应用、改进和验证的长江河口三维盐水入侵数值模式,考虑1月和2月平均径流量和风况,计算和分析北支新村沙围垦工程对北支盐水倒灌以及南支青草沙水库、陈行水库和东风西沙水库取水的影响.在北支新村沙下游,围垦工程导致盐水入侵加强,盐度上升0.05~0.10;在新村沙上游,盐水入侵减弱,盐度下降0.05~1.0.工程导致在大潮后中潮、小潮、小潮后中潮、大潮期间北支上段断面平均倒灌盐通量分别下降百分比分别为7.52%、16.48%、10.17%、6.94%.北支倒灌的减弱,导致南支盐度低于0.45的淡水面积增大.大潮后中潮、小潮、小潮后中潮、大潮期间表层平均盐度在东风西沙水库取水口分别下降了4.52%、10.23%、9.15%、5.81%,连续不宜取水时间由10.1 d减少到9.3 d;陈行水库取水口分别下降了10.59%、13.11%、32.89%、13.95%,连续不宣取水时间由5 d减少到4.4 d;青草沙水库取水口分别下降了10.50%、8.19%、9.17%、11.99%,连续不宜取水时间由6.2 d减少到5.1 d.北支新村沙围垦工程缩窄了过水断面,减弱了北支倒灌,有利于南支水源地淡水资源的利用.     

2011年春末夏初枯水期间长江河口盐水入侵

全球气候变化导致的长江流域枯水事件近几年趋于增多.2011年春末夏初长江中下游发生干旱,4、5和6月大通径流量分别比多年月平均值分别下降了33.4%、50.6%和50.3%.观测资料表明,4月崇西水文站大部分时间盐度大于0.45(饮用水标准),北支倒灌盐水从崇西水文站到南门大约需要2 d,到宝钢水库需要3~5 d,宝钢水库出现2 d和4 d不宜取水时间,青草沙水库出现5 d和4 d不宜取水时间.5月中下旬北支永隆沙仍被高盐水占据,崇西水文站盐度超标达到7 d,青草沙水库不宜取水d数达到8 d.6月4-7日大潮后中潮期5个观测潮周期内东风西沙水库约有一半时间盐度大于0.45,陈行水库和青草沙水库取水口盐水均低于0.45,但随时间逐渐升高,盐份主要来源于北支倒灌.长江河口盐水入侵一般发生在12月和来年的1-3月,4-6月随着径流量的增大盐水入侵消失.气候变化产生的枯水事件加剧了长江河口盐水入侵、严重影响了非盐水入侵期水源地取水安全.     

长江河口水位上升对流场和盐水入侵的影响

基于长江河口水动力和盐水入侵三维数值模式ECOM-si,通过数值模拟分析长江河口水位上升对径流、潮流和风生流的影响,以及在多种动力因子综合作用下对流场和盐水入侵的影响.数值实验结果表明,在长江河口水位上升30 cm的情况下,各河道横截面面积增大,向海的径流流速减小;潮流随水深增深略微增大;枯季北风作用产生的北港进、南港出的水平风生环流加强,在北支向陆的风生流有所加强.水位上升后,北支盐水入侵增强;南支中段盐度变化不明显;北港、北槽盐水入侵随水位增加变化最为显著,小潮期间盐度增大值大于1,大潮期间增幅有所降低,北港北汊受水深增加盐水入侵变化最为强烈;南槽口门处滩地由于水位增加,非线性效应减弱,盐度不同程度的降低.水位上升后南支水源地三个水库取水口盐度均有所上升,减少了可取水时间,不利于供水安全.     

2007—2016年北支河势变化对长江口盐水入侵影响数值研究

河势变化是影响河口水动力和盐水入侵的一个主要因素.本文基于长江河口北支2007年和2016年实测水深资料,分析这10年间北支河势变化,并数值模拟和分析北支河势变化对水动力和盐水入侵的影响. 2007—2016年河槽容积北支上段增加4.4%,中段减少8.8%,下段减少20.5%.总体上呈现上段冲刷,中段和下段淤积.在南北支分汊口出现新生沙体,淤积厚度达4～6 m.数值模拟结果表明:新生沙体导致大潮期间北支倒灌量增加15.0%,分流比由–2.8%变化至–3.2%,新生沙体明显增强了北支盐水倒灌;新生沙体若继续淤浅0.85 m,北支盐水倒灌将不再增加;新生沙体导致南支3个水库取水口盐度增加,在大潮、大潮后中潮期间,东风西沙水库取水口平均盐度分别增加了0.14、0.15,陈行水库取水口分别增加了0.12、0.11,青草沙水库取水口分别增加了0.11、0.09.北支下段淤积导致连兴港断面大潮涨落潮量分别减少了15.2%和16.4%,小潮涨落潮量分别减少了21.2%和19.0%;越往上游,涨落潮量越少,呈下降趋势;北支大潮期间高潮位下降,低潮位抬升,潮差减少;北支中下段纳潮量明显减少,北支盐水倒灌...     

长江河口北支建闸对减轻盐水入侵的数值模拟

枯季长江河口盐水入侵的最大特色是北支盐水倒灌,它是南支东风西沙、太仓和陈行水库盐水的唯一来源,也是青草沙水库盐水的主要来源.考虑潮汐和气候态1月和2月的径流量与风况,采用已严格验证过的长江河口盐水入侵三维数值模式,模拟和分析北支上段建闸前后盐水入侵的变化.模拟结果表明:在北支上段建闸后,整个南支全为淡水,北支盐水倒灌南支的现象消失,北支上段盐度明显下降;在东风西沙、太仓和陈行水库取水口盐度接近0;在青草沙水库取水口盐度大幅下降,几乎所有时间盐度都低于0.45,全为淡水.数值试验中,闸门的运行方式采用两种方案:全天落潮流期间开闸、夜里涨潮流期间关闸、白天涨潮流期间开闸,以及全天落潮流期间开闸、夜里和白天涨潮流期间关闸.两者的试验结果中南支盐度变化几乎一致,原因在于前者的运行方式已经使得北支上段盐水入侵大幅减弱,出现盐度接近0.45的淡水区域;即使白天涨潮流期间开闸,其间进入南支的也是淡水,并且增加了南支向海的总余流.从数值模拟的结果和闸门运行的成本考虑,推荐前者的北支建闸运行方案.北支建闸极大地提高了上海东风西沙、陈行和青草沙水库取水时间,同样极大地提高了江苏太仓水库的取水时间,保障了两地的供水安全.     

1996 年3 月长江河口水文观测和分析

基于长江河口1996 年3 月现场水文观测资料分析，得出：北支涨潮流速明显大于落潮流速，余流指向上游，存在着严重的外海盐水入侵。在南支中上游，盐度的变化受外海盐水的入侵和北支盐水的倒灌的共同影响，盐度变化与一般河口的变化规律不同；在大潮和中潮前期，盐度主要受下游外海盐水入侵的影响，在中潮和小潮期间，盐度主要受大潮期间上游北支倒灌盐水下移的影响。在南支下游，落潮流大于涨潮流，落潮历时大于涨潮历时；盐度最大值发生在涨憩，最小值发生在落憩，盐度变化受外海盐水入侵的影响，水文状况遵循一般河口变化规律。     

持续强北风天气下长江口盐水入侵对径流量的响应

2014年2月持续强北风下长江口发生了极端严重的盐水入侵事件,影响水源地取水安全.流域上游水库增加径流量是遏制严重盐水入侵的一种方法,本文应用UnFECOM (unstructured quadrilateral grid,finite-differencing,estuarine and coastal three-dimensional ocean numerical model)模式模拟和分析该次盐水入侵对增加不同径流量的响应.考虑实际径流量和风况,模式再现了该次极端严重盐水入侵事件.数值试验结果表明,随着径流量的增加,在2014年2月10—13日盐水入侵最严重时段北港上段的净水体输运仍然向陆,但量值随径流量增加趋于减小;北港上段的净分流比、净水通量和盐通量随着径流量增加而增加;在实际径流量试验中,北港上段分流比为–29%(负号表示净水通量向陆),净水通量为–2 300 m³/s,净盐通量为–68 t/s,表明受到持续强北风产生的向陆艾克曼输运作用,北港净水通量和盐通量向陆.当径流量增加3 000 m³/s时,北港净分流比和水通量接近零...     

长江口南汇边滩围垦工程对流场和盐水入侵的影响

考虑枯季一般状况的径流量和风况,数值计算和动力分析南汇边滩围垦工程对长江河口流场和盐水入侵的影响.南汇边滩围垦工程实施后,南槽喇叭口形状减小,改变了涨潮流和纳潮量.研究表明,围垦工程导致南槽大潮期间纳潮量减少13%,小潮期间减少16%,越过深水航道导堤的涨潮流减小;从南槽向北的越堤盐通量减小,导致北槽向海的盐通量减弱,中上段向陆的盐通量减弱,工程东南侧向陆的盐通量减弱,但因南槽口门处缩窄向陆的盐通量增强.围垦工程后南槽盐度锋面减弱,大潮期间南槽口门处和工程东南侧盐度上升,量值超过1.0;因纳潮量、越堤流和向陆盐通量减小,南槽中上段、北槽和横沙东滩盐度下降,量值超过0.5;北港和崇明东滩盐度上升,盐度超过0.5.小潮期间因潮动力减弱口门处的涨潮流和向陆盐通量减小,整个南槽盐度下降,量值超过1.5.因围垦工程后南槽盐度锋面减弱,阻挡径流进入南港的作用减弱,大潮和小潮期间北港净分流比略微减小,南槽的分流比大潮和小潮期间分别比工程前增加了1.57%和1.50%.     

没冒沙水域水沙运动特性及筑库工程对其影响

以多年数据资料，特别是最新的2003年9月，12月洪枯季和2004年1月枯季南槽没冒沙水域以及邻近水域各定点观测水沙数据资料为基础，采用水文学、泥沙运动力学和数理统计的方法对没冒沙水域的水沙特性进行了分析.结果表明，该水域落潮流速大于涨潮流速，落潮历时比涨潮历时长；净水量向外海，呈落潮流优势；含沙量普遍较高，大潮平均含沙量1.40 kg/m3，小潮平均含沙量0.60 kg/m3，洪季含沙量比枯季高，洪季大潮涨潮含沙量比落潮高，小潮则相反；枯季不论大小潮，一般都是落潮含沙量大于涨潮含沙量；含沙量垂向梯度的大小潮变化、洪枯季变化和涨落潮变化明显.并且用水流连续方程和拟合挟沙力公式推算了水库工程建设后水流流速和含沙量的变化，估计将对南槽产生一定影响.      

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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